Grantha script
๐‘Œ—๐‘๐‘Œฐ๐‘Œจ๐‘๐‘Œฅ
The word 'Grantha' in modern Grantha typeface
Script type Abugida
Period7th century CE โ€“ present (excluding Pallava Grantha)
DirectionLeft-to-right 
LanguagesTamil and Sanskrit
Related scripts
Parent systemsEgyptian
Child systemsMalayalam
Tigalari
Thirke
Saurashtra
Dhives Akuru
Sinhala
Sister systemsTamil, Old Mon, Khmer, Cham, Kawi
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Gran (343), โ€‹Grantha
Unicode
Unicode aliasGrantha
Unicode rangeU+11300โ€“U+1137F

The Grantha script (Sanskrit: ๐‘Œ—๐‘๐‘Œฐ๐‘Œจ๐‘๐‘Œฅ๐‘Œฒ๐‘Œฟ๐‘Œช๐‘Œฟ, romanized: granthalipi; Tamil: เฎ•เฎฟเฎฐเฎจเฏเฎค เฎŽเฎดเฏเฎคเฏเฎคเฏ, romanized: Granta eแธปuttu; Malayalam: เด—เตเดฐเดจเตเดฅเดฒเดฟเดชเดฟ, romanized: granthalipi) is a classical South Indian Brahmic script, found particularly in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Originating from the Pallava script,[1] the Grantha script is related to Tamil and Vatteluttu scripts. The modern Malayalam script of Kerala is a direct descendant of the Grantha script.[2] The Southeast Asian and Indonesian scripts such as Thai and Javanese respectively, as well as South Asian and Sri Lankan scripts such as Tigalari[3] and Sinhalese scripts respectively, are derived or closely related to Grantha through the early Pallava script.[4][5][6] The Pallava script or Pallava Grantha emerged in the 4th century CE and was used until the 7th century CE, in India.[7][8] This early Grantha script was used to write Sanskrit texts, inscriptions on copper plates and stones of Hindu temples and monasteries.[9][2] It was also used for classical Manipravalam โ€“ a language that is a blend of Sanskrit and Tamil.[10] From it evolved Middle Grantha by the 7th century, and Transitional Grantha by about the 8th century, which remained in use until about the 14th century. Modern Grantha has been in use since the 14th century and into the modern era, to write classical texts in Sanskrit and Dravidian languages.[9][2] It is also used to chant hymns and in traditional Vedic schools.[11]

The Tamil purist movement of the colonial era sought to purge the Grantha script from use and use the Tamil script exclusively. According to Kailasapathy, this was a part of Tamil nationalism and amounted to regional ethnic chauvinism.[12]

History

In Sanskrit, grantha is literally 'a knot'.[13] It is a word that was used for books, and the script used to write them. This stems from the practice of binding inscribed palm leaves using a length of thread held by knots. Grantha was widely used to write Sanskrit in the Tamil-speaking parts of South Asia from about the 5th century CE into modern times.[9][2]

The Grantha script was also historically used for writing Manipravalam, a blend of Tamil and Sanskrit which was used in the exegesis of Manipravalam texts. This evolved into a fairly complex writing system which required that Tamil words be written in the Tamil script and Sanskrit words be written in the Grantha script. By the 15th century, this had evolved to the point that both scripts would be used within the same word โ€“ if the root was derived from Sanskrit it would be written in the Grantha script, but any Tamil suffixes which were added to it would be written using the Tamil script. This system of writing went out of use when Manipravalam declined in popularity, but it was customary to use the same convention in printed editions of texts originally written in Manipravalam until the middle of the 20th century.

In modern times, the Tamil-Grantha script is used in religious contexts by Tamil-speaking Hindus. For example, they use the script to write a child's name for the first time during the naming ceremony, for the Sanskrit portion of traditional wedding cards, and for announcements of a person's last rites. It is also used in many religious almanacs to print traditional formulaic summaries of the coming year.

Types of Grantha

Pallava Grantha

An archaic and ornamental variety of Grantha is sometimes referred to as Pallava Grantha. It was used by the Pallava in some inscriptions from the 4th century CE[7] to the 7th century CE, in India.[8] Examples are the Mamallapuram Tiruchirapalli Rock Cut Cave Inscriptions and Kailasantha Inscription.

Middle Grantha

Middle Grantha first appeared in the Kuram copper plates, dating from around 675 CE, and was used until the end of the 8th century CE.[9][8]

Transitional Grantha

Transitional Grantha is traceable from the 8th or 9th century CE, until around the 14th century CE. The Tulu-Malayalam script is derivative of Transitional Grantha dating to the 8th or 9th century CE, which later split into two distinct scripts โ€“ Tigalari and Malayalam.[9][8]

Modern Grantha

Grantha in the present form dates from the 14th century CE. The oldest modern manuscript has been dated to the end of the 16th century CE. Two varieties are found in modern era Grantha texts: the 'Brahmanic' or square form used by Hindus, and the 'Jain' or round form used by Jains.[9][8]

Modern Grantha

The Grantha script has evolved over time, and shares similarities with the modern Tamil Script.[3]

Consonants

As in other Brahmic scripts Grantha consonant signs have an inherent vowel, typically corresponding to /a/, so, for example, the letter โŸจ๐‘Œ•โŸฉ is pronounced /ka/.

Consonants
๐‘Œ•ka ๐‘Œ–kha ๐‘Œ—ga ๐‘Œ˜gha ๐‘Œ™แน…a ๐‘Œนha
๐‘Œšca ๐‘Œ›cha ๐‘Œœja ๐‘Œjha ๐‘Œžรฑa ๐‘Œฏya ๐‘Œถล›a
๐‘ŒŸแนญa ๐‘Œ แนญha ๐‘Œกแธa ๐‘Œขแธha ๐‘Œฃแน‡a ๐‘Œฐra ๐‘Œณแธทa ๐‘Œทแนฃa
๐‘Œคta ๐‘Œฅtha ๐‘Œฆda ๐‘Œงdha ๐‘Œจna ๐‘Œฒla ๐‘Œธsa
๐‘Œชpa ๐‘Œซpha ๐‘Œฌba ๐‘Œญbha ๐‘Œฎma ๐‘Œตva

Consonant clusters

Grantha has two ways of representing consonant clusters. Sometimes, consonants in a cluster may form ligatures.

Consonant cluster ligatures
๐‘Œ•๐‘๐‘Œทkแนฃa ๐‘Œ•๐‘๐‘Œคkta ๐‘Œ™๐‘๐‘Œ—แน…ga ๐‘Œœ๐‘๐‘Œžjรฑa ๐‘Œž๐‘๐‘Œšรฑca ๐‘Œž๐‘๐‘Œœรฑja ๐‘Œค๐‘๐‘Œฅttha ๐‘Œค๐‘๐‘Œฐtra
๐‘Œค๐‘๐‘Œตtva ๐‘Œฆ๐‘๐‘Œงddha ๐‘Œฆ๐‘๐‘Œตdva ๐‘Œจ๐‘๐‘Œคnta ๐‘Œจ๐‘๐‘Œค๐‘๐‘Œตntva ๐‘Œจ๐‘๐‘Œฅntha ๐‘Œจ๐‘๐‘Œฆnda ๐‘Œจ๐‘๐‘Œงndha
๐‘Œจ๐‘๐‘Œจnna ๐‘Œจ๐‘๐‘Œจ๐‘nn ๐‘Œจ๐‘๐‘Œตnva ๐‘Œถ๐‘๐‘Œšล›ca ๐‘Œถ๐‘๐‘Œฐล›ra ๐‘Œท๐‘๐‘ŒŸแนฃแนญa ๐‘Œน๐‘๐‘Œฎhma

Ligatures are normally preferred whenever they exist. If no ligatures exist, "stacked" forms of consonants are written, just as in Kannada and Telugu, with the lowest member of the stack being the only "live" consonant and the other members all being vowel-less. Note that ligatures may be used as members of stacks also.

Stacked consonants
๐‘Œค๐‘๐‘Œคtta ๐‘Œค๐‘๐‘Œค๐‘๐‘Œตttva ๐‘Œ•๐‘๐‘Œท๐‘๐‘Œตkแนฃva ๐‘Œ•๐‘๐‘Œท๐‘๐‘Œฃkแนฃแน‡a ๐‘Œ—๐‘๐‘Œง๐‘๐‘Œตgdhva ๐‘Œธ๐‘๐‘Œค๐‘๐‘Œตstva ๐‘Œจ๐‘๐‘Œค๐‘๐‘Œธntsa ๐‘Œค๐‘๐‘Œธ๐‘๐‘Œจtsna

A few special cases

Consonant clusters with โŸจ๐‘๐‘ŒฏโŸฉ, โŸจ๐‘๐‘ŒฐโŸฉ, and reph.
๐‘Œ•๐‘๐‘Œฏkya ๐‘Œ–๐‘๐‘Œฏkhya ๐‘Œ•๐‘๐‘Œฐkra ๐‘Œ™๐‘๐‘Œ—๐‘๐‘Œฐแน…gra ๐‘Œ™๐‘๐‘Œ—๐‘๐‘Œฐ๐‘๐‘Œฏแน…grya ๐‘Œฆ๐‘๐‘Œง๐‘๐‘Œฏddhya
๐‘Œฐ๐‘๐‘Œ•rka ๐‘Œฐ๐‘๐‘Œ•๐‘๐‘Œทrkแนฃa ๐‘Œฐ๐‘๐‘Œฃrแน‡a ๐‘Œฐ๐‘๐‘Œฎrma ๐‘Œฐ๐‘๐‘Œฆ๐‘๐‘Œงrddha ๐‘Œฐ๐‘๐‘Œฆ๐‘๐‘Œต๐‘๐‘Œฏrdvya

Vowels and syllables

Grantha includes five long vowels, five short vowels, two vocalic consonants, แน› and แธท which are treated as vowels and may be short or long, and two part-vowels, anusvara โŸจโ—Œ๐‘Œ‚โŸฉ แน and visarga, โŸจโ—Œ๐‘ŒƒโŸฉ แธฅ. Independent vowel letters are used for word-initial vowels. Otherwise, vowels, vocalics, and part-vowels are written as diacritics attached to consonants. Each consonant in Grantha includes an inherent vowel a, so the letter โŸจ๐‘Œ•โŸฉ, for example, is pronounced ka. Adding a vowel diacritic modifies the vowel sound, so โŸจ๐‘Œ•โŸฉ plus the diacritic โŸจ๐‘Œ“โŸฉ, gives the syllable โŸจ๐‘Œ•๐‘‹โŸฉ, ko. The absence of a vowel is marked with a virฤma โŸจโ—Œ๐‘โŸฉ, for example, โŸจ๐‘Œ•โŸฉ ka plus โŸจโ—Œ๐‘โŸฉ creates an isolated consonant โŸจ๐‘Œ•๐‘โŸฉ k.

Short vowels, vocalics, half vowels, diacritics, and examples with โŸจ๐‘Œ•โŸฉ, ka.
๐‘Œ…a ๐‘Œ‡i ๐‘Œ‰u ๐‘Œ‹แน› ๐‘ŒŒแธท ๐‘Œe ๐‘Œ“o โ—Œ[note 1] โ—Œ[note 2] โ—Œ[note 2]
โ—Œ[note 3] โ—Œ๐‘Œฟ โ—Œ๐‘ โ—Œ๐‘ƒ โ—Œ๐‘ข โ—Œ๐‘‡ โ—Œ๐‘‹ โ—Œ๐‘ ๐‘Œ‚แน ๐‘Œƒแธฅ
๐‘Œ•ka ๐‘Œ•๐‘Œฟki ๐‘Œ•๐‘ku ๐‘Œ•๐‘ƒkแน› ๐‘Œ•๐‘ขkแธท ๐‘Œ•๐‘‡ke ๐‘Œ•๐‘‹ko ๐‘Œ•๐‘k ๐‘Œ•๐‘Œ‚kaแน ๐‘Œ•๐‘Œƒkaแธฅ
  1. The virama has no independent form because it is not a vowel. It is a diacritic that suppresses a letter's inherent vowel, leaving an isolated consonant.
  2. The anusvara and visarga have no independent forms because they can only modify a syllable's vowel.
  3. The vowel a has no corresponding diacritic since every consonant carries an inherent a.
Long vowels, their diacritics, and examples with โŸจ๐‘ŒฎโŸฉ, ma.
๐‘Œ†ฤ ๐‘Œˆฤซ ๐‘ŒŠลซ ๐‘ แน ๐‘กแธน ๐‘Œai ๐‘Œ”au
โ—Œ๐‘Œพ โ—Œ๐‘€ โ—Œ๐‘‚ โ—Œ๐‘„ โ—Œ๐‘ฃ โ—Œ๐‘ˆ โ—Œ๐‘Œ
๐‘Œฎ๐‘Œพmฤ ๐‘Œฎ๐‘€mฤซ ๐‘Œฎ๐‘‚mลซ ๐‘Œฎ๐‘„mแน ๐‘Œฎ๐‘ฃmแธน ๐‘Œฎ๐‘ˆmai ๐‘Œฎ๐‘Œmau

There are a few ligatures of consonants with vowel diacritics and of consonants with virฤma.

๐‘ŒŸ+ โ—Œ๐‘Œฟ๐‘ŒŸ๐‘Œฟแนญi ๐‘ŒŸ+ โ—Œ๐‘€๐‘ŒŸ๐‘€แนญฤซ ๐‘Œณ+ โ—Œ๐‘€๐‘Œณ๐‘€แธทฤซ ๐‘ŒŸ + โ—Œ๐‘๐‘ŒŸ๐‘แนญ ๐‘Œค + โ—Œ๐‘๐‘Œค๐‘t ๐‘Œจ+ โ—Œ๐‘๐‘Œจ๐‘n ๐‘Œฎ + โ—Œ๐‘๐‘Œฎ๐‘m

Numerals

0เฏฆ 1เฏง 2เฏจ 3เฏฉ 4เฏช 5เฏซ 6เฏฌ 7เฏญ 8เฏฎ 9เฏฏ

Sample text

Sanskrit in Grantha Script

๐‘Œธ๐‘Œฐ๐‘๐‘Œต๐‘‡ ๐‘Œฎ๐‘Œพ๐‘Œจ๐‘Œต๐‘Œพ๐‘Œƒ ๐‘Œธ๐‘๐‘Œต๐‘Œค๐‘Œจ๐‘๐‘Œค๐‘๐‘Œฐ๐‘Œพ๐‘Œƒ ๐‘Œธ๐‘Œฎ๐‘๐‘Œค๐‘๐‘Œช๐‘Œจ๐‘๐‘Œจ๐‘Œพ๐‘Œƒ ๐‘Œต๐‘Œฐ๐‘๐‘Œค๐‘Œจ๐‘๐‘Œค๐‘‡ ๐‘Œ…๐‘Œช๐‘Œฟ ๐‘Œš, ๐‘Œ—๐‘Œ๐‘Œฐ๐‘Œต๐‘Œฆ๐‘ƒ๐‘Œถ๐‘Œพ ๐‘Œ…๐‘Œง๐‘Œฟ๐‘Œ•๐‘Œพ๐‘Œฐ๐‘Œฆ๐‘ƒ๐‘Œถ๐‘Œพ ๐‘Œš ๐‘Œธ๐‘Œฎ๐‘Œพ๐‘Œจ๐‘Œพ๐‘Œƒ ๐‘Œ๐‘Œต ๐‘Œต๐‘Œฐ๐‘๐‘Œค๐‘Œจ๐‘๐‘Œค๐‘‡เฅค ๐‘Œ๐‘Œค๐‘‡ ๐‘Œธ๐‘Œฐ๐‘๐‘Œต๐‘‡ ๐‘Œš๐‘‡๐‘Œค๐‘Œจ๐‘Œพ-๐‘Œค๐‘Œฐ๐‘๐‘Œ•-๐‘Œถ๐‘Œ•๐‘๐‘Œค๐‘Œฟ๐‘Œญ๐‘๐‘Œฏ๐‘Œพ๐‘Œ‚ ๐‘Œธ๐‘๐‘Œธ๐‘Œฎ๐‘๐‘Œช๐‘Œจ๐‘๐‘Œจ๐‘Œพ๐‘Œƒ ๐‘Œธ๐‘Œจ๐‘๐‘Œค๐‘Œฟเฅค ๐‘Œ…๐‘Œช๐‘Œฟ ๐‘Œš, ๐‘Œธ๐‘Œฐ๐‘๐‘Œต๐‘‡๐‘Œฝ๐‘Œช๐‘Œฟ ๐‘Œฌ๐‘Œจ๐‘๐‘Œง๐‘๐‘Œค๐‘๐‘Œต-๐‘Œญ๐‘Œพ๐‘Œต๐‘Œจ๐‘Œฏ๐‘Œพ ๐‘Œช๐‘Œฐ๐‘Œธ๐‘๐‘Œช๐‘Œฐ๐‘Œ‚ ๐‘Œต๐‘๐‘Œฏ๐‘Œต๐‘Œน๐‘Œฐ๐‘Œจ๐‘๐‘Œค๐‘เฅค[14]

Latin script transliteration

sarve mฤnavฤแธฅ svatantrฤแธฅ samutpannฤแธฅ vartante api ca, gauravadrฬฅล›ฤ adhikฤradrฬฅล›ฤ ca samฤnฤแธฅ eva vartante. ete sarve cetanฤ-tarka-ล›aktibhyฤแน susampannฤแธฅ santi. api ca, sarveยดpi bandhutva-bhฤvanayฤ parasparaแน vyavaharantu.[15]

English

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Comparison with other South Indian and Sri Lankan scripts

Comparison of some Grantha letters with Malayalam, Sinhalese, and Tamil
Grantha ka๐‘Œ• แน…a๐‘Œ™ ca๐‘Œš รฑa๐‘Œž แนญa๐‘ŒŸ แน‡a๐‘Œฃ ta๐‘Œค na๐‘Œจ pa๐‘Œช ma๐‘Œฎ
Malayalam เด• เด™ เดš เดž เดŸ เดฃ เดค เดจ เดช เดฎ
Sinhalese เถš เถž เถ  เถค เถง เถซ เถญ เถฑ เถด เถธ
Tamil เฎ• เฎ™ เฎš เฎž เฎŸ เฎฃ เฎค เฎจ เฎช เฎฎ

Unicode

Grantha script was added to the Unicode Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0. The Unicode block for Grantha is U+11300โ€“U+1137F:

Grantha[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+1130x ๐‘Œ€ ๐‘Œ ๐‘Œ‚ ๐‘Œƒ ๐‘Œ… ๐‘Œ† ๐‘Œ‡ ๐‘Œˆ ๐‘Œ‰ ๐‘ŒŠ ๐‘Œ‹ ๐‘ŒŒ ๐‘Œ
U+1131x ๐‘Œ ๐‘Œ“ ๐‘Œ” ๐‘Œ• ๐‘Œ– ๐‘Œ— ๐‘Œ˜ ๐‘Œ™ ๐‘Œš ๐‘Œ› ๐‘Œœ ๐‘Œ ๐‘Œž ๐‘ŒŸ
U+1132x ๐‘Œ  ๐‘Œก ๐‘Œข ๐‘Œฃ ๐‘Œค ๐‘Œฅ ๐‘Œฆ ๐‘Œง ๐‘Œจ ๐‘Œช ๐‘Œซ ๐‘Œฌ ๐‘Œญ ๐‘Œฎ ๐‘Œฏ
U+1133x ๐‘Œฐ ๐‘Œฒ ๐‘Œณ ๐‘Œต ๐‘Œถ ๐‘Œท ๐‘Œธ ๐‘Œน ๐‘Œป ๐‘Œผ ๐‘Œฝ ๐‘Œพ ๐‘Œฟ
U+1134x ๐‘€ ๐‘ ๐‘‚ ๐‘ƒ ๐‘„ ๐‘‡ ๐‘ˆ ๐‘‹ ๐‘Œ ๐‘
U+1135x ๐‘ ๐‘— ๐‘ ๐‘ž ๐‘Ÿ
U+1136x ๐‘  ๐‘ก ๐‘ข ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฆ ๐‘ง ๐‘จ ๐‘ฉ ๐‘ช ๐‘ซ ๐‘ฌ
U+1137x ๐‘ฐ ๐‘ฑ ๐‘ฒ ๐‘ณ ๐‘ด
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 17.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Unification with Tamil

Some proposed to reunify Grantha and Tamil;[16][17] however, the proposal triggered discontent by some.[18][19] Considering the sensitivity involved, it was determined that the two scripts should not be unified, except for the numerals.[20]

Notes

  1. Mirza, Amna; Gottardo, Alexandra (2019). "Learning to Read in Their Heritage Language: Hindi-English Speaking Children Reading Two Different Orthographies". Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography. Springer International Publishing. pp. 329โ€“351. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05977-4_17. ISBN 978-3-030-05977-4.
  2. Richard Salomon (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 40โ€“42. ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3.
  3. "Grantha alphabet for Sanskrit". www.omniglot.com.
  4. J. G. de Casparis (1975). Indonesian Palaeography: A History of Writing in Indonesia from the Beginnings to C. A.D. 1500. BRILL Academic. pp. 12โ€“17. ISBN 90-04-04172-9.
  5. Patricia Herbert; Anthony Crothers Milner (1989). South-East Asia: Languages and Literatures : a Select Guide. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 127โ€“129. ISBN 978-0-8248-1267-6.
  6. Pierre-Yves Manguin; A. Mani; Geoff Wade (2011). Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 283โ€“285, 306โ€“309. ISBN 978-981-4311-16-8.
  7. Arlo, Guy (2014). "Early Indic Inscriptions of Southeast Asia". In guy, john (ed.). Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early South east Asia. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9781588395245.
  8. Diringer, David (1948). Alphabet a key to the history of mankind. p. 411.
  9. "Grantha alphabet (writing system) โ€“ Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com.
  10. Giovanni Ciotti; Hang Lin (2016). Tracing Manuscripts in Time and Space through Paratexts. Walter De Gruyter. pp. 62โ€“63. ISBN 978-3-11-047901-0.
  11. Singh, Upinder (1 January 2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131711200.
  12. K. Kailasapathy (1979), The Tamil Purist Movement: A Re-evaluation, Social Scientist, Vol. 7, No. 10, pp. 23-27
  13. Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (31 December 1997). A History of Sanskrit Literature. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 15. ISBN 978-81-208-0035-9.
  14. "Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Sanskrit (Grantha)". UDHR in XML Project.
  15. "Grantha alphabet for Sanskrit". www.omniglot.com.
  16. Sharma, Shriramana. (2010a). Proposal to encode characters for Extended Tamil.
  17. Sharma, Shriramana. (2010b). Follow-up to Extended Tamil proposal L2/10-256R.
  18. Eraiyarasan, B. (2011). Dr. B.Eraiyarasanโ€™s comments on Tamil Unicode And Grantham proposals.
  19. Nalankilli, Thanjai. (2018). Attempts to "Pollute" Tamil Unicode with Grantha Characters. Tamil Tribune. Retrieved 13 May 2019 from https://web.archive.org/web/20200306030655/http://www.tamiltribune.com/18/1201.html
  20. Government of India. (2010). Unicode Standard for Grantha Script.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grantha script.