Primates is a diverse order of placental mammals which includes monkeys, lemurs, galagos, lorisids, tarsiers, and apes (including humans). Members of this order are called primates. The order currently comprises 505 extant species, which are grouped into 81 genera. The majority of primates live in South and Central America, Africa, and southern and Southeast Asia, in a variety of habitats, particularly forests but also including grasslands, savannas, shrublands, wetlands, deserts, and rocky areas. The exception is humans, which have spread worldwide to every biome. Primates come in a variety of body plans but typically feature large brains, a shoulder girdle allowing a large degree of movement in the shoulder joint, dexterous hands, and tails, sometimes prehensile.[1] They range in size from Margot Marsh's mouse lemur, at 8 cm (3 in) plus a 11 cm (4 in) tail, to the eastern gorilla, at 196 cm (77 in), not including limbs. Primates are also the most intelligent animals and non-human primates are recorded to use tools, communicate with gestures and vocalizations, and have complex social systems.[2]

Primates is divided into two suborders: Haplorrhini and Strepsirrhini. The suborders are further subdivided into clades and families. Haplorrhini contains nine families in four major clades: Cercopithecoidea, containing the Old World monkeys of the family Cercopithecidae; Hominoidea, containing the great apes of the family Hominidae and the gibbons of the family Hylobatidae; Platyrrhines, or New World monkeys, divided into the families Aotidae, Atelidae, Callitrichidae, Cebidae, and Pitheciidae and containing night, howler, spider, woolly, capuchin, squirrel, and saki monkeys, marmosets, and tamarins; and Tarsiiformes, containing the tarsier family Tarsiidae. Strepsirrhini is split between two clades: Lemuroidea, divided into the families Cheirogaleidae (dwarf and mouse lemurs), Daubentoniidae (the aye-aye), Indriidae (wooly lemurs, sifakas, and indri), Lemuridae (lemurs), and Lepilemuridae (sportive lemurs); and Lorisoidea, split between the galago family Galagidae and the loris family Lorisidae. The exact organization of the species is not fixed, with many recent proposals made based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. No species have been recorded as going extinct since 1500 CE, but over 200 species, or more than 40 percent of all primates, are considered endangered or critically endangered.

Conventions

The author citation for the species or genus is given after the scientific name; parentheses around the author citation indicate that this was not the original taxonomic placement. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the collective range of species in that genera is provided. Ranges are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species unless otherwise noted.

Classification

The order Primates consists of 505 extant species belonging to 81 genera. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the 81 genera can be grouped into 16 families; these families are divided between two named suborders and are grouped in those suborders into named clades, and some of these families are subdivided into named subfamilies.

Suborder Haplorrhini

Suborder Strepsirrhini

Primates[3]
Haplorhini
Simiiformes
Catarrhini
Hominoidea

Hominidae

Hylobatidae

Cercopithecoidea

Cercopithecidae

Platyrrhini

Aotidae

Atelidae

Callitrichidae

Cebidae

Pitheciidae

Tarsiiformes

Tarsiidae

Strepsirrhini
Lemuriformes
Lemuroidea

Cheirogaleidae

Daubentoniidae

Indriidae

Lemuridae

Lepilemuridae

Lorisoidea

Galagidae

Lorisidae

Primates

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.[4]

Suborder Haplorrhini

Superfamily Cercopithecoidea

Family Cercopithecidae

Members of the Cercopithecidae family are called cercopithecids, or colloquially Old World monkeys, and include baboons, colobuses, guenons, lutungs, macaques, and other types of monkeys. Cercopithecidae comprises 158 extant species, divided into 23 genera. These genera are grouped into two subfamilies: Cercopithecinae, or cercopithecine monkeys, containing baboon, guenon, macaque, and other monkey species; and Colobinae, or leaf-eating monkeys, containing colobus, lutung, and other monkey species.

Subfamily Cercopithecinae – Gray, 1821 – thirteen genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Allenopithecus

Lang, 1923

One species
  • A. nigroviridis (Allen's swamp monkey)
Central Africa
 Size: 33–51 cm (13–20 in) long, plus 35–52 cm (14–20 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest[6]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, and small invertebrates[7]
Allochrocebus
(terrestrial guenon)

Elliot, 1913

Three species
  • A. lhoesti (L'Hoest's monkey, pictured)
  • A. preussi (Preuss's monkey)
  • A. solatus (Sun-tailed monkey)
Central and west-central Africa Size range: 31–69 cm (12–27 in) long, plus 48–10 cm (19–4 in) tail (L'Hoest's monkey)[8]

Habitats: Grassland and forest[9]

Diets: Fruit, seeds, shoots, leaves, buds, flowers, mushrooms, and invertebrates[8]
Cercocebus
(white-eyelid mangabey)

É Geoffroy, 1812

Seven species
  • C. agilis (Agile mangabey)
  • C. atys (Sooty mangabey, pictured)
  • C. chrysogaster (Golden-bellied mangabey)
  • C. galeritus (Tana River mangabey)
  • C. lunulatus (White-naped mangabey)
  • C. sanjei (Sanje mangabey)
  • C. torquatus (Collared mangabey)
Equatorial Africa Size range: 40–80 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 45–100 cm (18–39 in) tail (Golden-bellied mangabey)[10]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, shrubland, and savanna[10]

Diets: Invertebrates, fruit, leaves, nuts, seeds, nectar, stems, roots, insects, fungi, grass, and small vertebrates[10]
Cercopithecus
(guenon)

Linnaeus, 1758

Nineteen species
  • C. ascanius (Red-tailed monkey)
  • C. campbelli (Campbell's mona monkey)
  • C. cephus (Moustached guenon)
  • C. denti (Dent's mona monkey)
  • C. diana (Diana monkey, pictured)
  • C. erythrogaster (White-throated guenon)
  • C. erythrotis (Red-eared guenon)
  • C. hamlyni (Hamlyn's monkey)
  • C. lomamiensis (Lesula)
  • C. lowei (Lowe's mona monkey)
  • C. mitis (Blue monkey)
  • C. mona (Mona monkey)
  • C. neglectus (De Brazza's monkey)
  • C. nictitans (Greater spot-nosed monkey)
  • C. petaurista (Lesser spot-nosed monkey)
  • C. pogonias (Crested mona monkey)
  • C. roloway (Roloway monkey)
  • C. sclateri (Sclater's guenon)
  • C. wolfi (Wolf's mona monkey)
Sub-Saharan Africa Size range: 29 cm (11 in) long, plus 57 cm (22 in) tail (Lesser spot-nosed monkey) to 70 cm (28 in) long, plus 109 cm (43 in) tail (Blue monkey)[11]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, shrubland, and savanna[11]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, seeds, shoots, herbs, invertebrates, flowers, buds, tree gum, birds, bird eggs, and small reptiles[11]
Chlorocebus
(vervet monkey)

Gray, 1870

Seven species
  • C. aethiops (Grivet)
  • C. cynosuros (Malbrouck, pictured)
  • C. djamdjamensis (Bale Mountains vervet)
  • C. dryas (Dryas monkey)
  • C. pygerythrus (Vervet monkey)
  • C. sabaeus (Green monkey)
  • C. tantalus (Tantalus monkey)
Equatorial, eastern, and southern Africa Size range: 34 cm (13 in) long, plus 44 cm (17 in) tail (Malbrouck) to 83 cm (33 in) long, plus 114 cm (45 in) tail (Tantalus monkey)[12]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and savanna[13]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, flowers, small vertebrates, shoots, stems, roots, insects, bark, gum, eggs, invertebrates, pith, seeds, and mushrooms[12]
Erythrocebus
(patas monkey)

Trouessart, 1897

Three species
  • E. baumstarki (Southern patas monkey)
  • E. patas (Common patas monkey, pictured)
  • E. poliophaeus (Blue Nile patas monkey)
Equatorial and Eastern Africa Size range: 49 cm (19 in) long, plus 43 cm (17 in) tail (Blue Nile patas monkey) to 70 cm (28 in) long, plus 70 cm (28 in) tail (Common patas monkey)[14]

Habitats: Grassland, forest, shrubland, and savanna[15]

Diets: Fruit, insects, gum, and arthropods, as well as flowers, fruit, seeds, leaves, stems, roots, small vertebrates, and bird eggs[14]
Lophocebus
(crested mangabey)

Palmer, 1903

Two species
  • L. albigena (Grey-cheeked mangabey, pictured)
  • L. aterrimus (Black crested mangabey)
Central Africa Size range: 44–75 cm (17–30 in) long, plus 57–94 cm (22–37 in) tail (Grey-cheeked mangabey)[16]

Habitat: Forest[16]

Diets: Fruit and seeds[16]
Macaca
(macaque)

Lacépède, 1799

24 species
  • M. arctoides (Stump-tailed macaque)
  • M. assamensis (Assam macaque)
  • M. brunnescens (Muna-Buton macaque)
  • M. cyclopis (Formosan rock macaque)
  • M. fascicularis (Crab-eating macaque)
  • M. fuscata (Japanese macaque)
  • M. hecki (Heck's macaque)
  • M. leonina (Northern pig-tailed macaque)
  • M. leucogenys (White-cheeked macaque)
  • M. maura (Moor macaque)
  • M. mulatta (Rhesus macaque)
  • M. munzala (Arunachal macaque)
  • M. nemestrina (Southern pig-tailed macaque)
  • M. nigra (Celebes crested macaque)
  • M. nigrescens (Gorontalo macaque)
  • M. ochreata (Booted macaque)
  • M. pagensis (Pagai Island macaque)
  • M. radiata (Bonnet macaque, pictured)
  • M. siberu (Siberut macaque)
  • M. silenus (Lion-tailed macaque)
  • M. sinica (Toque macaque)
  • M. sylvanus (Barbary macaque)
  • M. thibetana (Tibetan macaque)
  • M. tonkeana (Tonkean macaque)
Southern, southeastern, and eastern Asia, and northwestern Africa Size range: 36 cm (14 in) long, plus 36 cm (14 in) tail (Toque macaque) to 77 cm (30 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (Arunachal macaque)[17]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, rocky areas, shrubland, savanna, grassland, forest, intertidal marine, and caves[18]

Diets: Fish, crabs, shellfish, bird eggs, honeycombs, invertebrates, gums, pith, seeds, leaves, flowers, dirt, fungi, and birds[17]
Mandrillus
(mandrill)

Ritgen, 1824

Two species
  • M. leucophaeus (Drill)
  • M. sphinx (Mandrill, pictured)
Western Africa Size range: 55–95 cm (22–37 in) long, plus 7–10 cm (3–4 in) tail (Mandrill)[19]

Habitats: Rocky areas, forest, and savanna[19]

Diets: Omnivorous, primarily fruit and seeds[19]
Miopithecus
(talapoin)

Geoffroy, 1842

Two species
  • M. ogouensis (Gabon talapoin)
  • M. talapoin (Angolan talapoin, pictured)
Western Africa Size range: 23 cm (9 in) long, plus 31 cm (12 in) tail (Gabon talapoin) to 45 cm (18 in) long, plus 53 cm (21 in) tail (Angolan talapoin)[20]

Habitats: Inland wetlands and forest[20]

Diets: Insects, leaves, seeds, fruit, water plants, grubs, eggs, and small vertebrates[20]
Papio
(baboon)

Erxleben, 1777

Six species
  • P. anubis (Olive baboon, pictured)
  • P. cynocephalus (Yellow baboon)
  • P. hamadryas (Hamadryas baboon)
  • P. kindae (Kinda baboon)
  • P. papio (Guinea baboon)
  • P. ursinus (Chacma baboon)
Sub-Saharan Africa and southwestern Arabian Peninsula Size range: 50–115 cm (20–45 in) long, plus 45–72 cm (18–28 in) tail (Chacma baboon)[21]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, rocky areas, shrubland, savanna, desert, grassland, and forest[22]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, roots, insects, eggs, small vertebrates, flowers, buds, grass, and seeds[21]
Rungwecebus

Davenport, 2006

One species
  • R. kipunji (Kipunji)
Southeastern Africa
 Size: 85–90 cm (33–35 in) long, plus about 115 cm (45 in) tail[23]

Habitat: Forest[24]

Diet: Omnivorous, including bulbs, roots, shoots, seeds, and fruit[23]
Theropithecus

Geoffroy, 1843

One species
  • T. gelada (Gelada)
Eastern Africa
 Size: 50–75 cm (20–30 in) long, plus 32–55 cm (13–22 in) tail[25]

Habitats: Grassland and rocky areas[26]

Diet: Leaves and forbs, as well as roots, corms, tubers and rhizomes[26]
Subfamily Colobinae – Jerdon, 1867 – ten genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Colobus
(black-and-white colobus)

Illiger, 1811

Five species
  • C. angolensis (Angola colobus)
  • C. guereza (Mantled guereza, pictured)
  • C. polykomos (King colobus)
  • C. satanas (Black colobus)
  • C. vellerosus (Ursine colobus)
Central Africa and Western Africa Size range: 45–72 cm (18–28 in) long, plus 52–100 cm (20–39 in) tail (King colobus)[27]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[28]

Diets: Leaves, nuts, and seeds, as well as fruit, flowers, buds, stems, bark, shoots, insects, and clay[27]
Nasalis

É Geoffroy, 1812

One species 		Borneo
 Size: 61–76 cm (24–30 in) long, plus 50–75 cm (20–30 in) tail[29]

Habitat: Forest[30]

Diet: Fruit, seeds, leaves, and shoots, as well as caterpillars and larvae[31]
Piliocolobus
(red colobus)

Rochebrune, 1887

Sixteen species
  • P. badius (Western red colobus)
  • P. bouvieri (Bouvier's red colobus)
  • P. epieni (Niger Delta red colobus)
  • P. foai (Foa's red colobus)
  • P. gordonorum (Udzungwa red colobus)
  • P. kirkii (Zanzibar red colobus, pictured)
  • P. langi (Lang's red colobus)
  • P. oustaleti (Oustalet's red colobus)
  • P. parmentieri (Lomami red colobus)
  • P. pennantii (Pennant's colobus)
  • P. preussi (Preuss's red colobus)
  • P. rufomitratus (Tana River red colobus)
  • P. semlikiensis (Semliki red colobus)
  • P. tephrosceles (Ugandan red colobus)
  • P. tholloni (Thollon's red colobus)
  • P. waldronae (Miss Waldron's red colobus)
Congo, and eastern and western Africa Size range: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail (multiple)[32]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, shrubland, and savanna[33]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, shoots, buds, flowers, and seeds, as well as flowers[32]
Presbytis
(surili)

Eschscholtz, 1821

Nineteen species
  • P. bicolor (Black-and-white langur)
  • P. canicrus (Miller's langur)
  • P. chrysomelas (Sarawak surili)
  • P. comata (Javan surili)
  • P. femoralis (Raffles' banded langur, pictured)
  • P. frontata (White-fronted surili)
  • P. hosei (Hose's langur)
  • P. melalophos (Black-crested Sumatran langur)
  • P. mitrata (Mitered langur)
  • P. natunae (Natuna Island surili)
  • P. percura (East Sumatran banded langur)
  • P. potenziani (Mentawai langur)
  • P. robinsoni (Robinson's banded langur)
  • P. rubicunda (Maroon leaf monkey)
  • P. sabana (Sabah grizzled langur)
  • P. siamensis (White-thighed surili)
  • P. siberu (Siberut langur)
  • P. sumatranus (Black Sumatran langur)
  • P. thomasi (Thomas's langur)
Southeastern Asia Size range: 42 cm (17 in) long, plus 50 cm (20 in) tail (Black Sumatran langur) to 62 cm (24 in) long, plus 85 cm (33 in) tail (Thomas's langur)[34]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, and shrubland[35]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, seeds and flowers, as well as bark, twigs, stalks, birds, bird eggs, algae, and insects[34]
Procolobus

Rochebrune, 1877

One species
  • P. verus (Olive colobus)
Western Africa
 Size: 43–50 cm (17–20 in) long, plus 57–64 cm (22–25 in) tail[36]

Habitat: Forest[37]

Diet: Leaves and flowers[38]
Pygathrix
(douc)

É Geoffroy, 1812

Three species
  • P. cinerea (Gray-shanked douc)
  • P. nemaeus (Red-shanked douc, pictured)
  • P. nigripes (Black-shanked douc)
Southeastern Asia Size range: 60 cm (24 in) long, plus 56 cm (22 in) tail (Black-shanked douc) to 77 cm (30 in) long, plus 77 cm (30 in) tail (Red-shanked douc)[39]

Habitat: Forest[39]

Diets: Leaves, as well as fruit, seeds, buds, and flowers[39]
Rhinopithecus
(snub-nosed monkey)

H. Milne-Edwards, 1872

Five species
  • R. avunculus (Tonkin snub-nosed monkey, pictured)
  • R. bieti (Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey)
  • R. brelichi (Gray snub-nosed monkey)
  • R. roxellana (Golden snub-nosed monkey)
  • R. strykeri (Myanmar snub-nosed monkey)
Southern China, Central China, Northern Vietnam, and Northern Myanmar Size range: 51 cm (20 in) long, plus 66 cm (26 in) tail (Tonkin snub-nosed monkey) to 83 cm (33 in) long, plus 72 cm (28 in) tail (Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey)[40]

Habitat: Forest[41]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, buds, flowers, buds, bark, seeds, and lichen, as well as insect larvae[40]
Semnopithecus
(gray langur)

Desmarest, 1822

Eight species
  • S. ajax (Kashmir gray langur)
  • S. entellus (Northern plains gray langur, pictured)
  • S. hector (Tarai gray langur)
  • S. hypoleucos (Black-footed gray langur)
  • S. johnii (Nilgiri langur)
  • S. priam (Tufted gray langur)
  • S. schistaceus (Nepal gray langur)
  • S. vetulus (Purple-faced langur)
Sri Lanka, India, and Himalayas Size range: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) (multiple)[42]

Habitats: Rocky areas, forest, shrubland, and savanna[42]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, and flowers, seeds, roots, bark, twigs, coniferous cones, moss, lichens, ferns, shoots, rhizomes, grass, and invertebrates[42]
Simias

Miller, 1903

One species
  • S. concolor (Pig-tailed langur)
Islands near Sumatra in Indonesia
 Size: 45–53 cm (18–21 in) long, plus 13–18 cm (5–7 in) tail[43]

Habitat: Forest[44]

Diet: Leaves, fruit, and berries[45]
Trachypithecus
(lutung)

Reichenbach, 1862

21 species
  • T. auratus (East Javan langur)
  • T. barbei (Tenasserim lutung)
  • T. crepuscula (Indochinese grey langur)
  • T. cristatus (Silvery lutung)
  • T. delacouri (Delacour's langur)
  • T. ebenus (Indochinese black langur)
  • T. francoisi (François' langur)
  • T. geei (Gee's golden langur)
  • T. germaini (Germain's langur)
  • T. hatinhensis (Hatinh langur)
  • T. laotum (Laotian langur)
  • T. leucocephalus (White-headed langur)
  • T. margarita (Annamese langur)
  • T. mauritius (West Javan langur)
  • T. obscurus (Dusky leaf monkey, pictured)
  • T. phayrei (Phayre's leaf monkey)
  • T. pileatus (Capped langur)
  • T. poliocephalus (Cat Ba langur)
  • T. popa (Popa langur)
  • T. selangorensis (Selangor silvered langur)
  • T. shortridgei (Shortridge's langur)
Southeastern Asia Size range: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail (multiple)[46]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, rocky areas, forests, forest, and caves[47]

Diets: Leaves, flowers, fruit, shoots, seeds, and twigs, as well as bark and insects[46]

Superfamily Hominoidea

Family Hominidae

Members of the Hominidae family are hominids, or colloquially great apes, and include gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, and humans. Hominoidae comprises eight extant species, divided into four genera. These genera are grouped into two subfamilies: Homininae, or African hominids, containing gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans; and Ponginae, or Asian hominids, containing orangutans.

Subfamily Homininae – Gray, 1825 – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Gorilla
(gorilla)

Geoffroy, 1852

Two species
  • G. beringei (Eastern gorilla)
  • G. gorilla (Western gorilla, pictured)
Central Africa and Western Africa
 Size range: 130 cm (51 in) long (Western gorilla) to 196 cm (77 in) long (Eastern gorilla)[48]

Habitat: Forest[49]

Diets: Leaves, berries, ferns, bark, roots, stems, and pith, as well as wood, flowers, fruit, fungi, galls, invertebrates, and gorilla dung[48]
Homo

Linnaeus, 1758

One species 		Worldwide (population density shown)
 Size: 140–210 cm (55–83 in) long, including legs[50]

Habitats: Varied

Diet: Omnivorous
Pan
(chimpanzee)

Oken, 1816

Two species 		Central and western Africa
 Size range: 63–90 cm (25–35 in) long (Chimpanzee)[51]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[52]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, stems, buds, bark, pith, seeds, and resins, as well as leaves, insects, shoots, small vertebrates, truffles, fungus, honey, and eggs[51]
Subfamily Ponginae – Elliot, 1913 – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Pongo

Lacépède, 1799

Three species
  • P. abelii (Sumatran orangutan)
  • P. pygmaeus (Bornean orangutan, pictured)
  • P. tapanuliensis (Tapanuli orangutan)
Borneo and Sumatra
 Size range: 78–97 cm (31–38 in) long (Bornean orangutan)[53]

Habitat: Forest[54]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, shoots, flowers, and bark, as well as insects, sap, vines, spider webs, bird eggs, fungi, flowers, bark, and soil[53]
Family Hylobatidae

Members of the Hylobatidae family are hylobatids, or colloquially gibbons. Hylobatidae comprises 19 extant species, divided into four genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – four genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Hoolock
(hoolock gibbon)

Mootnick & Groves, 2005

Three species
  • H. hoolock (Western hoolock gibbon, pictured)
  • H. leuconedys (Eastern hoolock gibbon)
  • H. tianxing (Skywalker hoolock gibbon)
Southern Asia (in green)
 Size range: 45 cm (18 in) long (Western hoolock gibbon) to 81 cm (32 in) long (Skywalker hoolock gibbon)[55]

Habitat: Forest[55]

Diets: Fruit and leaves, as well as shoots, invertebrates, bird chicks, and flowers[55]
Hylobates
(dwarf gibbon)

Illiger, 1811

Nine species
  • H. abbotti (Western grey gibbon)
  • H. agilis (Agile gibbon)
  • H. albibarbis (Bornean white-bearded gibbon)
  • H. funereus (Eastern grey gibbon, pictured)
  • H. klossii (Kloss's gibbon)
  • H. lar (Lar gibbon)
  • H. moloch (Silvery gibbon)
  • H. muelleri (Müller's gibbon)
  • H. pileatus (Pileated gibbon)
Southeastern Asia
 Size range: 42 cm (17 in) long (Silvery gibbon) to 65 cm (26 in) long (Agile gibbon)[56]

Habitat: Forest[56]

Diets: Fruit, flowers, leaves, and insects, as well as eggs and small vertebrates[56]
Nomascus
(crested gibbon)

Miller, 1933

Seven species
  • N. annamensis (Northern buffed-cheeked gibbon)
  • N. concolor (Black crested gibbon)
  • N. gabriellae (Yellow-cheeked gibbon, pictured)
  • N. hainanus (Hainan black crested gibbon)
  • N. leucogenys (Northern white-cheeked gibbon)
  • N. nasutus (Eastern black crested gibbon)
  • N. siki (Southern white-cheeked gibbon)
Southeastern Asia
 Size range: 40 cm (16 in) long (Eastern black crested gibbon) to 64 cm (25 in) long (Southern white-cheeked gibbon)[57]

Habitat: Forest[57]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, buds, shoots, and flowers, as well as insects, eggs, and small vertebrates[57]
Symphalangus

Gloger, 1841

One species 		Southeastern Asia
 Size: 71–90 cm (28–35 in) long[58]

Habitat: Forest[59]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as flowers and insects[59]

Parvorder Platyrrhines

Family Aotidae

Members of the Aotidae family are aotids, or colloquially night monkeys. Aotidae comprises eleven extant species in a single genus.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Aotus
(night monkey)

Illiger, 1811

Eleven species
  • A. azarae (Azara's night monkey)
  • A. brumbacki (Brumback's night monkey)
  • A. griseimembra (Gray-handed night monkey)
  • A. jorgehernandezi (Hernández-Camacho's night monkey)
  • A. lemurinus (Gray-bellied night monkey)
  • A. miconax (Peruvian night monkey)
  • A. nancymaae (Nancy Ma's night monkey)
  • A. nigriceps (Black-headed night monkey)
  • A. trivirgatus (Three-striped night monkey)
  • A. vociferans (Spix's night monkey)
  • A. zonalis (Panamanian night monkey, pictured)
Central and northern South America and Central America Size range: 24 cm (9 in) long, plus 31 cm (12 in) tail (Azara's night monkey) to 47 cm (19 in) long plus 42 cm (17 in) tail (Three-striped night monkey)[60]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[60]

Diets: Fruit, nectar, leaves, flowers, buds, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs[60]
Family Atelidae

Members of the Atelidae family are atelids and include howler, spider, woolly, and woolly spider monkeys. Aotidae comprises 24 extant species in 4 genera. It is divided into the subfamilies Alouattinae, or howler monkeys, and Atelinae, or spider and woolly monkeys.

Subfamily Alouattinae – Trouessart, 1897 – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Alouatta
(howler monkey)

Lacépède, 1799

Twelve species
  • A. arctoidea (Ursine howler)
  • A. belzebul (Red-handed howler)
  • A. caraya (Black howler, pictured)
  • A. discolor (Spix's red-handed howler)
  • A. guariba (Brown howler)
  • A. macconnelli (Guyanan red howler)
  • A. nigerrima (Amazon black howler)
  • A. palliata (Mantled howler)
  • A. pigra (Yucatán black howler)
  • A. sara (Bolivian red howler)
  • A. seniculus (Colombian red howler)
  • A. ululata (Maranhão red-handed howler)
Mexico, Central America, and northern, eastern, and central South America
 Size range: 38 cm (15 in) long, plus 52 cm (20 in) tail (Mantled howler) to 92 cm (36 in) long plus 92 cm (36 in) tail (Brown howler)[61]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[61]

Diets: Leaves, flowers, fruit, bark, and twigs as well as buds, seeds, moss, stems, termite nests, and decaying wood[61]
Subfamily Atelinae – Gray, 1825 – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Ateles
(spider monkey)

É Geoffroy, 1806

Seven species
  • A. belzebuth (White-bellied spider monkey)
  • A. chamek (Peruvian spider monkey)
  • A. fusciceps (Black-headed spider monkey)
  • A. geoffroyi (Geoffroy's spider monkey)
  • A. hybridus (Brown spider monkey, pictured)
  • A. marginatus (White-cheeked spider monkey)
  • A. paniscus (Red-faced spider monkey)
Mexico, Central America, and northern and central South America Size range: 30–63 cm (12–25 in) long, plus 63–84 cm (25–33 in) tail (Geoffroy's spider monkey)[62]

Habitat: Forest[63]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, flowers, nuts, seeds, and insects, as well as bark, honey, decaying wood, roots, fungi, arachnids, and eggs[62]
Brachyteles
(muriqui)

É Geoffroy, 1806

Two species
  • B. arachnoides (Southern muriqui)
  • B. hypoxanthus (Northern muriqui, pictured)
Southeastern Brazil Size range: 46–50 cm (18–20 in) long, plus 72–81 cm (28–32 in) tail (both species)[64]

Habitat: Forest[65]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, vines, flowers, bark, nectar, and seeds[64]
Lagothrix
(woolly monkey)

É Geoffroy, 1812

Two species
  • L. flavicauda (Yellow-tailed woolly monkey)
  • L. lagotricha (Common woolly monkey)
Western South America Size range: 44 cm (17 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (Yellow-tailed woolly monkey) to 69 cm (27 in) long plus 72 cm (28 in) tail (Common woolly monkey)[66]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[67]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, insects, seeds, moss, buds, and flowers[66]
Family Callitrichidae

Members of the Callitrichidae family are callitrichids, and include marmosets, tamarins, and lion tamarins. Callitrichidae comprises 43 extant species in 7 genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – seven genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Callimico

Miranda-Ribeiro, 1922

One species
  • C. goeldii (Goeldi's marmoset)
Western South America
 Size: 21–23 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 25–33 cm (10–13 in) tail[68]

Habitat: Forest[69]

Diet: Fruit, insects, and fungi, as well as lizards, frogs, and other small vertebrates[68]
Callithrix
(Atlantic Forest marmoset)

Erxleben, 1777

Six species
  • C. aurita (Buffy-tufted marmoset)
  • C. flaviceps (Buffy-headed marmoset)
  • C. geoffroyi (White-headed marmoset, pictured)
  • C. jacchus (Common marmoset)
  • C. kuhlii (Wied's marmoset)
  • C. penicillata (Black-tufted marmoset)
Eastern South America Size range: 12 cm (5 in) long, plus 29 cm (11 in) tail (Common marmoset) to 30 cm (12 in) long plus 41 cm (16 in) tail (Buffy-headed marmoset)[70]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[71]

Diets: Plant gum, sap, fruit, flowers, nectar, seeds, insects, and spiders, as well as molluscs, small vertebrates, and bird eggs[70]
Cebuella
(pygmy marmoset)

Gray, 1866

Two species
  • C. niveiventris (Eastern pygmy marmoset)
  • C. pygmaea (Western pygmy marmoset, pictured)
Western South America Size range: 12 cm (5 in) long, plus 17 cm (7 in) tail (Western pygmy marmoset) to 30 cm (12 in) long plus 41 cm (16 in) tail (Eastern pygmy marmoset)[72]

Habitat: Forest[73]

Diets: Tree gum, sap, and resin, as well as insects, small lizards, fruit, flowers, and spiders[72]
Leontocebus
(saddle-back tamarin)

Wagner, 1840

Seven species
  • L. cruzlimai (Cruz Lima's saddle-back tamarin)
  • L. fuscus (Lesson's saddle-back tamarin)
  • L. illigeri (Illiger's saddle-back tamarin)
  • L. lagonotus (Red-mantled saddle-back tamarin)
  • L. leucogenys (Andean saddle-back tamarin)
  • L. nigrifrons (Geoffroy's saddle-back tamarin)
  • L. weddelli (Weddell's saddle-back tamarin, pictured)
Central and western South America Size range: 17–31 cm (7–12 in) long, plus 25–44 cm (10–17 in) tail (multiple)[74]

Habitat: Forest[74]

Diets: Fruit, sap, nectar, vegetation, invertebrates, small vertebrates, and eggs[74]
Leontopithecus
(lion tamarin)

Lesson, 1840

Four species
  • L. caissara (Superagüi lion tamarin)
  • L. chrysomelas (Golden-headed lion tamarin, pictured)
  • L. chrysopygus (Black lion tamarin)
  • L. rosalia (Golden lion tamarin)
Southeastern South America Size range: 20 cm (8 in) long, plus 31 cm (12 in) tail (Black lion tamarin) to 37 cm (15 in) long plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (Golden lion tamarin)[75]

Habitat: Forest[76]

Diets: Spiders, snails, insects, small lizards, eggs, small birds, fruit, flowers, gum, nectar, and vegetables, as well as snakes and other small vertebrates[75]
Mico
(marmoset)

Lesson, 1840

Sixteen species
  • M. acariensis (Rio Acarí marmoset)
  • M. argentatus (Silvery marmoset, pictured)
  • M. chrysoleucos (Gold-and-white marmoset)
  • M. emiliae (Emilia's marmoset)
  • M. humeralifer (Santarem marmoset)
  • M. humilis (Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset)
  • M. intermedius (Hershkovitz's marmoset)
  • M. leucippe (White marmoset)
  • M. marcai (Marca's marmoset)
  • M. mauesi (Maués marmoset)
  • M. melanurus (Black-tailed marmoset)
  • M. munduruku (Munduruku marmoset)
  • M. nigriceps (Black-headed marmoset)
  • M. rondoni (Rondon's marmoset)
  • M. saterei (Satéré marmoset)
  • M. schneideri (Schneider's marmoset)
Central South America Size range: 18–30 cm (7–12 in) long, plus 17–41 cm (7–16 in) tail (multiple)[77]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and savanna[77]

Diets: Sap, gum, fruit, seeds, nuts, insects, snails, spiders, leaves and small vertebrates[77]
Saguinus
(tamarin)

Hoffmannsegg, 1807

Seventeen species
  • S. bicolor (Pied tamarin)
  • S. fuscicollis (Brown-mantled tamarin)
  • S. geoffroyi (Geoffroy's tamarin)
  • S. imperator (Emperor tamarin, pictured)
  • S. inustus (Mottle-faced tamarin)
  • S. labiatus (White-lipped tamarin)
  • S. leucopus (White-footed tamarin)
  • S. martinsi (Martins's tamarin)
  • S. melanoleucus (White-mantled tamarin)
  • S. midas (Golden-handed tamarin)
  • S. mystax (Moustached tamarin)
  • S. niger (Black tamarin)
  • S. nigricollis (Black-mantled tamarin)
  • S. oedipus (Cotton-top tamarin)
  • S. pileatus (Red-capped tamarin)
  • S. tripartitus (Golden-mantled tamarin)
  • S. ursula (Eastern black-handed tamarin)
Western, central, and eastern South America and southeastern Central America Size range: 17–31 cm (7–12 in) long, plus 25–44 cm (10–17 in) tail (multiple)[78]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[78]

Diets: Fruit, sap, nectar, gum, seeds, flowers, invertebrates, small vertebrates, eggs, and soil[78]
Family Cebidae

Members of the Cebidae family are cebids, and include capuchin and squirrel monkeys. Cebidae comprises eighteen extant species in three genera, and is divided into the subfamilies Cebinae, or capuchin monkeys, and Saimiriinae, or squirrel monkeys.

Subfamily Cebinae – Bonaparte, 1831 – two genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Cebus
(gracile capuchin monkey)

Erxleben, 1777

Four species
  • C. albifrons (Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin)
  • C. capucinus (Colombian white-faced capuchin, pictured)
  • C. kaapori (Kaapori capuchin)
  • C. olivaceus (Wedge-capped capuchin)
Northern and central South America and southeastern Central America Size range: 30–57 cm (12–22 in) long, plus 30–56 cm (12–22 in) tail (Kaapori capuchin)[79]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[80]

Diets: Fruit, seeds, berries, nuts, figs, nectar, invertebrates, and small vertebrates[79]
Sapajus
(robust capuchin monkey)

Kerr, 1792

Seven species
  • S. apella (Tufted capuchin, pictured)
  • S. cay (Azaras's capuchin)
  • S. flavius (Blond capuchin)
  • S. libidinosus (Black-striped capuchin)
  • S. nigritus (Black capuchin)
  • S. robustus (Crested capuchin)
  • S. xanthosternos (Golden-bellied capuchin)
Northern, central, and eastern South America
 Size range: 30–57 cm (12–22 in) long, plus 30–56 cm (12–22 in) tail (multiple)[81]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and savanna[81]

Diets: Fruit, seeds, nectar, pith, stems, nuts, berries, flowers, leaves, bird eggs, insects, frogs, small reptiles, birds, bats, other small mammals, oysters, and crabs[81]
Subfamily Saimiriinae – Miller, 1912 – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Saimiri
(squirrel monkey)

Voigt, 1831

Seven species
  • S. boliviensis (Black-capped squirrel monkey)
  • S. cassiquiarensis (Humboldt's squirrel monkey)
  • S. collinsi (Collins' squirrel monkey, pictured)
  • S. oerstedii (Central American squirrel monkey)
  • S. sciureus (Guianan squirrel monkey)
  • S. ustus (Bare-eared squirrel monkey)
  • S. vanzolinii (Black squirrel monkey)
Northern and central South America and southern Central America Size range: 22 cm (9 in) long, plus 37 cm (15 in) tail (Central American squirrel monkey) to 36 cm (14 in) long plus 43 cm (17 in) tail (Bare-eared squirrel monkey)[82]

Habitat: Forest[82]

Diets: Fruit, berries, seeds, nuts, gum, nectar, leaves, buds, flowers, insects, arachnids, bird eggs, and small vertebrates[82]
Family Pitheciidae

Members of the Pitheciidae family are pitheciids, and include titis, saki monkeys and uakaris. Pitheciidae comprises 58 extant species in 6 genera, and is divided into the subfamilies Callicebinae, or titis, and Pitheciinae, or saki monkeys and uakaris.

Subfamily Callicebinae – Pocock, 1925 – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Callicebus
(Atlantic Forest titi monkey)

Thomas, 1903

Five species
  • C. barbarabrownae (Barbara Brown's titi monkey)
  • C. coimbrai (Coimbra Filho's titi monkey)
  • C. melanochir (Coastal black-handed titi monkey)
  • C. nigrifrons (Black-fronted titi monkey)
  • C. personatus (Atlantic titi monkey, pictured)
Eastern South America Size range: 23–46 cm (9–18 in) long, plus 26–56 cm (10–22 in) tail (multiple)[83]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and savanna[83]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, flowers, seeds, and insects, as well as birds, vegetation, eggs, and small vertebrates and invertebrates[83]
Cheracebus
(widow titi monkey)

Byrne et al., 2016

Five species
  • C. lucifer (Lucifer titi monkey)
  • C. lugens (Black titi monkey)
  • C. medemi (Colombian black-handed titi monkey)
  • C. regulus (Red-headed titi monkey)
  • C. torquatus (Collared titi monkey)
Northern South America, Central South America, and Northwestern South America Size range: 23–46 cm (9–18 in) long, plus 26–56 cm (10–22 in) tail (multiple)[84]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[84]

Diets: Fruit, seeds, leaves, stems, flowers, insects, spiders, and bird eggs[84]
Plecturocebus

Byrne et al., 2016

23 species
  • P. aureipalatii (Madidi titi monkey)
  • P. baptista (Baptista Lake titi monkey)
  • P. bernhardi (Prince Bernhard's titi monkey)
  • P. brunneus (Brown titi monkey)
  • P. caligatus (Chestnut-bellied titi monkey)
  • P. caquetensis (Caquetá titi monkey)
  • P. cinerascens (Ashy black titi monkey)
  • P. cupreus (Coppery titi monkey)
  • P. discolor (White-tailed titi monkey)
  • P. donacophilus (White-eared titi monkey)
  • P. dubius (Hershkovitz's titi monkey)
  • P. hoffmannsi (Hoffmanns's titi monkey)
  • P. miltoni (Milton's titi monkey)
  • P. modestus (Rio Beni titi monkey)
  • P. moloch (Red-bellied titi monkey)
  • P. oenanthe (Rio Mayo titi monkey)
  • P. olallae (Olalla brothers' titi monkey)
  • P. ornatus (Ornate titi monkey)
  • P. pallescens (White-coated titi monkey)
  • P. stephennashi (Stephen Nash's titi monkey)
  • P. toppini (Toppin's titi monkey)
  • P. urubambensis (Urubamba brown titi monkey)
  • P. vieirai (Vieira's titi monkey)
Northern, western, and central South America Size range: 23–46 cm (9–18 in) long, plus 26–56 cm (10–22 in) tail (multiple)[85]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[85]

Diets: Fruit, flowers, seeds, leaves, vines, and insects, as well as arthropods, stems, shoots, eggs, and small vertebrates[85]
Subfamily Pitheciinae – Mivart, 1865 – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Cacajao
(uakari)

Lesson, 1840

Seven species
  • C. ayresi (Aracá uakari)
  • C. calvus (White bald-headed uakari, pictured)
  • C. hosomi (Neblina uakari)
  • C. melanocephalus (Golden-backed uakari)
  • C. novaesi (Novae's bald-headed uakari)
  • C. rubicundus (Red bald-headed uakari)
  • C. ucayalii (Ucayali bald-headed uakari)
Northern and western South America Size range: 30–57 cm (12–22 in) long, plus 12–21 cm (5–8 in) tail (Aracá uakari)[86]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[87]

Diets: Fruit, nuts, seeds, flowers, leaves, nectar, insects, and arthropods[86]
Chiropotes
(bearded saki)

Lesson, 1840

Five species
  • C. albinasus (White-nosed saki)
  • C. chiropotes (Red-backed bearded saki)
  • C. sagulatus (Reddish-brown bearded saki)
  • C. satanas (Black bearded saki, pictured)
  • C. utahickae (Uta Hick's bearded saki)
Northern, northeastern, and central South America Size range: 32 cm (13 in) long, plus 37 cm (15 in) tail (Black bearded saki) to 52 cm (20 in) long plus 51 cm (20 in) tail (Reddish-brown bearded saki)[88]

Habitat: Forest[89]

Diets: Fruit, seeds, nuts, flowers, and insects, as well as stems, arthropods, and leaves[88]
Pithecia
(saki monkey)

Desmarest, 1804

Thirteen species
  • P. aequatorialis (Equatorial saki)
  • P. albicans (White-footed saki)
  • P. cazuzai (Cazuza's saki)
  • P. chrysocephala (Golden-faced saki)
  • P. hirsuta (Hairy saki)
  • P. inusta (Burnished saki)
  • P. irrorata (Rio Tapajós saki, pictured)
  • P. isabela (Isabel's saki)
  • P. milleri (Miller's saki)
  • P. monachus (Monk saki)
  • P. napensis (Napo saki)
  • P. pithecia (White-faced saki)
  • P. vanzolinii (Vanzolini's bald-faced saki)
Northern and central South America Size range: 20 cm (8 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (Napo saki) to 71 cm (28 in) long plus 55 cm (22 in) tail (Burnished saki)[90]

Habitat: Forest[90]

Diets: Seeds, fruit pulp, leaves, insects, and flowers[90]

Infraorder Tarsiiformes

Family Tarsiidae

Members of the Tarsiidae family are tarsiids, or colloquially tarsiers. Tarsiidae comprises fourteen extant species in three genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Carlito

Groves & Shekelle, 2010

One species 		Southeastern Philippines
 Size: 8–16 cm (3–6 in) long, plus about 25 cm (10 in) tail[91]

Habitat: Forest[92]

Diet: Insects, spiders, lizards, and other small vertebrates[91]
Cephalopachus

Swainson, 1835

One species
  • T. bancanus (Horsfield's tarsier)
Western Philippines
 Size: 11–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 20–24 cm (8–9 in) tail[93]

Habitat: Forest[94]

Diet: Insects, as well as small vertebrates including birds, mammals, and reptiles[95]
Tarsius
(tarsier)

Storr, 1780

Twelve species
  • T. dentatus (Dian's tarsier)
  • T. fuscus (Makassar tarsier)
  • T. lariang (Lariang tarsier)
  • T. niemitzi (Niemitz's tarsier)
  • T. pelengensis (Peleng tarsier)
  • T. pumilus (Pygmy tarsier)
  • T. sangirensis (Sangihe tarsier)
  • T. spectrumgurskyae (Gursky's spectral tarsier, pictured)
  • T. supriatnai (Jatna's tarsier)
  • T. tarsier (Spectral tarsier)
  • T. tumpara (Siau Island tarsier)
  • T. wallacei (Wallace's tarsier)
Sulawesi, Indonesia
 Size range: 8 cm (3 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (Pygmy tarsier) to 15 cm (6 in) long plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (Siau Island tarsier)[96]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, and caves[96]

Diets: Arthropods and insects, as well as small vertebrates[96]

Suborder Strepsirrhini

Superfamily Lemuroidea

Family Cheirogaleidae

Members of the Cheirogaleidae family are cheirogaleids, and include dwarf, mouse, giant mouse, and fork-marked lemurs. Cheirogaleidae comprises 41 extant species in 5 genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – five genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Allocebus

Petter-Rousseaux & Petter, 1967

One species
  • A. trichotis (Hairy-eared dwarf lemur)
Northeastern Madagascar
 Size: 12–15 cm (5–6 in) long, plus about 17 cm (7 in) tail[97]

Habitat: Forest[98]

Diet: Nectar, fruit, gum, leaves, honey, and insects[98]
Cheirogaleus
(dwarf lemur)

É Geoffroy, 1812

Ten species
  • C. andysabini (Montagne d'Ambre dwarf lemur)
  • C. crossleyi (Furry-eared dwarf lemur)
  • C. grovesi (Groves' dwarf lemur, pictured)
  • C. lavasoensis (Lavasoa dwarf lemur)
  • C. major (Greater dwarf lemur)
  • C. medius (Fat-tailed dwarf lemur)
  • C. minusculus (Lesser iron-gray dwarf lemur)
  • C. shethi (Ankarana dwarf lemur)
  • C. sibreei (Sibree's dwarf lemur)
  • C. thomasi (Thomas' dwarf lemur)
Madagascar Size range: 16 cm (6 in) long, plus 18 cm (7 in) tail (Ankarana dwarf lemur) to 27 cm (11 in) long plus 31 cm (12 in) tail (Greater dwarf lemur)[99]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[99]

Diets: Fruit, flowers, leaves, seeds, nectar, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and honey[99]
Microcebus
(mouse lemur)

É Geoffroy, 1834

24 species
  • M. arnholdi (Arnhold's mouse lemur)
  • M. berthae (Madame Berthe's mouse lemur)
  • M. bongolavensis (Bongolava mouse lemur)
  • M. boraha (Nosy Boraha mouse lemur)
  • M. danfossi (Danfoss's mouse lemur)
  • M. ganzhorni (Ganzhorn's mouse lemur)
  • M. gerpi (Gerp's mouse lemur)
  • M. griseorufus (Reddish-gray mouse lemur)
  • M. jollyae (Jolly's mouse lemur)
  • M. jonahi (Jonah's mouse lemur)
  • M. lehilahytsara (Goodman's mouse lemur)
  • M. macarthurii (MacArthur's mouse lemur)
  • M. mamiratra (Claire's mouse lemur)
  • M. manitatra (Bemanasy mouse lemur)
  • M. margotmarshae (Margot Marsh's mouse lemur)
  • M. marohita (Marohita mouse lemur)
  • M. murinus (Gray mouse lemur)
  • M. myoxinus (Pygmy mouse lemur, pictured)
  • M. ravelobensis (Golden-brown mouse lemur)
  • M. rufus (Brown mouse lemur)
  • M. sambiranensis (Sambirano mouse lemur)
  • M. simmonsi (Simmons' mouse lemur)
  • M. tanosi (Anosy mouse lemur)
  • M. tavaratra (Northern rufous mouse lemur)
Madagascar
 Size range: 8 cm (3 in) long, plus 11 cm (4 in) tail (Margot Marsh's mouse lemur) to 16 cm (6 in) long plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (Anosy mouse lemur)[100]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[100]

Diets: Gum, insect excretions, nectar, fruit, leaves, flowers, pollen, arthropods, and small vertebrates[100]
Mirza
(giant mouse lemur)

Gray, 1870

Two species
  • M. coquereli (Coquerel's giant mouse lemur)
  • M. zaza (Northern giant mouse lemur, pictured)
Western and northern Madagascar
 Size range: 23 cm (9 in) long, plus 31 cm (12 in) tail (Coquerel's giant mouse lemur) to 27 cm (11 in) long plus 32 cm (13 in) tail (Coquerel's giant mouse lemur)[101]

Habitat: Forest[101]

Diets: Fruit, flowers, insect secretions, sap, and invertebrates, as well as small vertebrates[101]
Phaner
(fork-marked lemur)

Gray, 1870

Four species
  • P. electromontis (Amber Mountain fork-marked lemur)
  • P. furcifer (Masoala fork-marked lemur)
  • P. pallescens (Pale fork-marked lemur, pictured)
  • P. parienti (Pariente's fork-marked lemur)
Western, northeastern, and northern Madagascar
 Size range: 22–29 cm (9–11 in) long, plus 28–37 cm (11–15 in) tail (multiple)[102]

Habitat: Forest[102]

Diets: Sap and gum, as well as insects, insect secretions, fruit, flowers, and nectar[102]
Family Daubentoniidae

Members of the Daubentoniidae family are daubentoniids; the family comprises a single extant species, the aye-aye.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Daubentonia

É Geoffroy, 1795

One species 		Western and eastern Madagascar
 Size: 36–44 cm (14–17 in) long, plus tail[103]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[104]

Diet: Fruit, nuts, and sap[103]
Family Indriidae

Members of the Indriidae family are indriids, and include woolly lemurs, sifakas, and indri. Indriidae comprises nineteen extant species in three genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Avahi
(woolly lemur)

Jourdan, 1834

Nine species
  • A. betsileo (Betsileo woolly lemur)
  • A. cleesei (Bemaraha woolly lemur)
  • A. laniger (Eastern woolly lemur)
  • A. meridionalis (Southern woolly lemur)
  • A. mooreorum (Moore's woolly lemur)
  • A. occidentalis (Western woolly lemur, pictured)
  • A. peyrierasi (Peyrieras's woolly lemur)
  • A. ramanantsoavani (Ramanantsoavana's woolly lemur)
  • A. unicolor (Sambirano woolly lemur)
Madagascar
 Size range: 25 cm (10 in) long, plus 28 cm (11 in) tail (Betsileo woolly lemur) to 37 cm (15 in) long plus 35 cm (14 in) tail (Bemaraha woolly lemur)[105]

Habitat: Forest[105]

Diets: Buds and leaves, as well as flowers and fruit[105]
Indri

É. Geoffroy & G. Cuvier, 1796

One species
  • I. indri (Indri)
Northeastern Madagascar
 Size: 60–90 cm (24–35 in) long, plus 5–6 cm (2–2 in) tail[106]

Habitat: Forest[107]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, and flowers[106]
Propithecus
(sifaka)

Bennett, 1832

Nine species
  • P. candidus (Silky sifaka)
  • P. coquereli (Coquerel's sifaka)
  • P. coronatus (Crowned sifaka)
  • P. deckenii (Von der Decken's sifaka, pictured)
  • P. diadema (Diademed sifaka)
  • P. edwardsi (Milne-Edwards's sifaka)
  • P. perrieri (Perrier's sifaka)
  • P. tattersalli (Golden-crowned sifaka)
  • P. verreauxi (Verreaux's sifaka)
Madagascar
 Size range: 42 cm (17 in) long, plus 50 cm (20 in) tail (Coquerel's sifaka) to 55 cm (22 in) long, plus 56 cm (22 in) tail (Diademed sifaka)[108]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and savanna[108]

Diets: Leaves, flowers, fruit, seeds, shoots, and bark, as well as soil[108]
Family Lemuridae

Members of the Lemuridae family are lemurids, and include ring-tailed, true, ruffed, and bamboo lemurs. Indriidae comprises 21 extant species in 5 genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – five genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Eulemur
(true lemur)

Simons & Rumpler, 1988

Twelve species
  • E. albifrons (White-headed lemur)
  • E. cinereiceps (Gray-headed lemur)
  • E. collaris (Collared brown lemur)
  • E. coronatus (Crowned lemur)
  • E. flavifrons (Blue-eyed black lemur, pictured)
  • E. fulvus (Common brown lemur)
  • E. macaco (Black lemur)
  • E. mongoz (Mongoose lemur)
  • E. rubriventer (Red-bellied lemur)
  • E. rufifrons (Red-fronted lemur)
  • E. rufus (Red lemur)
  • E. sanfordi (Sanford's brown lemur)
Madagascar
 Size range: 30 cm (12 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (Black lemur) to 51 cm (20 in) long plus 51 cm (20 in) tail (Common brown lemur)[109]

Habitat: Forest[109]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, buds, flowers, and pollen, as well as nectar, bark, insects, arthropods, fungi, and soil[109]
Hapalemur
(bamboo lemur)

Geoffroy, 1851

Five species
  • H. alaotrensis (Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur)
  • H. aureus (Golden bamboo lemur, pictured)
  • H. griseus (Eastern lesser bamboo lemur)
  • H. meridionalis (Southern lesser bamboo lemur)
  • H. occidentalis (Western lesser bamboo lemur)
Western, northern, and eastern Madagascar
 Size range: 24 cm (9 in) long, plus 32 cm (13 in) tail (Southern lesser bamboo lemur) to 34 cm (13 in) long plus 41 cm (16 in) tail (Golden bamboo lemur)[110]

Habitats: Inland wetlands and forest[110]

Diets: Marsh plants, bamboo, grass, pith, stems, flowers, and leaves, as well as fruit, fungi, and soil[110]
Lemur

Linnaeus, 1758

One species 		Southwestern Madagascar
 Size: 39–46 cm (15–18 in) long, plus 56–63 cm (22–25 in) tail[111]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, rocky areas, and caves[112]

Diet: Omnivorous, including fruit, leaves, stems, flowers, sap, spiders, spider webs, chameleons, insects, small birds, and termite mounds[111]
Prolemur

Gray, 1871

One species
  • P. simus (Greater bamboo lemur)
Eastern Madagascar
 Size: 40–45 cm (16–18 in) long, plus 43–48 cm (17–19 in) tail[113]

Habitat: Forest[114]

Diet: Bamboo shoots and pith, as well as flowers, leaves, soil, and fruit[113]
Varecia
(ruffed lemur)

Gray, 1863

Two species
  • V. rubra (Red ruffed lemur, pictured)
  • V. variegata (Black-and-white ruffed lemur)
Eastern Madagascar
 Size range: 45 cm (18 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (Black-and-white ruffed lemur) to 50 cm (20 in) long plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (Red ruffed lemur)[115]

Habitat: Forest[116]

Diets: Fruit, nectar, and pollen, as well as leaves, flower, and seeds[115]
Family Lepilemuridae

Members of the Lepilemuridae family are lepilemurids, or colloquially sportive lemurs. Lepilemuridae comprises 25 extant species in a single genus.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Lepilemur
(sportive lemur)

Geoffroy, 1851

25 species
  • L. aeeclis (AEECL's sportive lemur)
  • L. ahmansoni (Ahmanson's sportive lemur)
  • L. ankaranensis (Ankarana sportive lemur)
  • L. betsileo (Betsileo sportive lemur)
  • L. dorsalis (Gray-backed sportive lemur)
  • L. edwardsi (Milne-Edwards' sportive lemur)
  • L. fleuretae (Fleurete's sportive lemur)
  • L. grewcocki (Grewcock's sportive lemur)
  • L. hollandorum (Holland's sportive lemur)
  • L. hubbardi (Hubbard's sportive lemur, pictured)
  • L. jamesi (James' sportive lemur)
  • L. leucopus (White-footed sportive lemur)
  • L. microdon (Small-toothed sportive lemur)
  • L. milanoii (Daraina sportive lemur)
  • L. mustelinus (Weasel sportive lemur)
  • L. otto (Otto's sportive lemur)
  • L. petteri (Petter's sportive lemur)
  • L. randrianasoloi (Randrianasolo's sportive lemur)
  • L. ruficaudatus (Red-tailed sportive lemur)
  • L. sahamalaza (Sahamalaza sportive lemur)
  • L. scottorum (Scott's sportive lemur)
  • L. seali (Seal's sportive lemur)
  • L. septentrionalis (Northern sportive lemur)
  • L. tymerlachsoni (Hawks' sportive lemur)
  • L. wrighti (Wright's sportive lemur)
Madagascar
 Size range: 23 cm (9 in) long, plus 26 cm (10 in) tail (Gray-backed sportive lemur) to 41 cm (16 in) long plus 27 cm (11 in) tail (Hawks' sportive lemur)[117]

Habitat: Forest[117]

Diets: Leaves, vines, fruit, flowers, spiders, and insects, as well as seeds, pollen, latex, and bark[117]

Superfamily Lorisoidea

Family Galagidae

Members of the Galagidae family are galagids, or colloquially galagos or bush babies. Galagidae comprises nineteen extant species in six genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – six genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Euoticus
(needle-clawed bushbaby)

Gray, 1863

Two species
  • E. elegantulus (Southern needle-clawed bushbaby)
  • E. pallidus (Northern needle-clawed bushbaby, pictured)
Western equatorial Africa Size range: 18–33 cm (7–13 in) long, plus 28–31 cm (11–12 in) tail (Northern needle-clawed bushbaby)[118]

Habitat: Forest[118]

Diets: Tree gums and resins, as well as invertebrates[118]
Galago
(lesser bushbaby)

É Geoffroy, 1796

Four species
  • G. gallarum (Somali bushbaby)
  • G. matschiei (Dusky bushbaby)
  • G. moholi (Mohol bushbaby)
  • G. senegalensis (Senegal bushbaby, pictured)
Equatorial and southern Africa Size range: 13–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 19–30 cm (7–12 in) tail (Senegal bushbaby)[119]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[120]

Diets: Invertebrates, fruit, flowers, and gum, as well as small birds, eggs, and seeds[119]
Galagoides
(western dwarf galago)

A. Smith, 1833

Three species
  • G. demidoff (Prince Demidoff's bushbaby, pictured)
  • G. kumbirensis (Angolan dwarf galago)
  • G. thomasi (Thomas's bushbaby)
Western and central equatorial Africa Size range: 10 cm (4 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (Prince Demidoff's bushbaby) to 18 cm (7 in) long plus 21 cm (8 in) tail (Angolan dwarf galago)[121]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[122]

Diets: Insects, as well as fruit, gum, small vertebrates, tree buds, and leaves[121]
Otolemur
(greater galago)

Coquerel, 1859

Two species
  • O. crassicaudatus (Brown greater galago, pictured)
  • O. garnettii (Northern greater galago)
Southern and eastern Africa Size range: 23 cm (9 in) long, plus 36 cm (14 in) tail (Northern greater galago) to 38 cm (15 in) long plus 48 cm (19 in) tail (Brown greater galago)[123]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and savanna[124]

Diets: Gum, sap, fruit, and insects[123]
Paragalago
(eastern dwarf galago)

Masters, Génin, Couette, Groves, Nash, Delpero, & Pozzi, 2017

Five species
  • P. cocos (Kenya coast galago, pictured)
  • P. granti (Grant's bushbaby)
  • P. orinus (Uluguru bushbaby)
  • P. rondoensis (Rondo dwarf galago)
  • P. zanzibaricus (Zanzibar bushbaby)
Southeastern Africa Size range: 10 cm (4 in) long, plus 17 cm (7 in) tail (Rondo dwarf galago) to 19 cm (7 in) long plus 27 cm (11 in) tail (Grant's bushbaby)[125]

Habitat: Forest[126]

Diets: Fruit, gum, nectar, invertebrates, small vertebrates, and flowers[125]
Sciurocheirus
(squirrel galago)

Waterhouse, 1838

Three species
  • S. alleni (Bioko Allen's bushbaby, pictured)
  • S. gabonensis (Gabon bushbaby)
  • S. makandensis (Makandé squirrel galago)
Western equatorial Africa Size range: 15–24 cm (6–9 in) long, plus 20–30 cm (8–12 in) tail (Bioko Allen's bushbaby)[127]

Habitat: Forest[128]

Diets: Arthropods, insects, fruit, and gum, as well as small mammals[127]
Family Lorisidae

Members of the Lorisidae family are lorisids, and include lorises, pottos and angwantibos. Lorisidae comprises sixteen extant species in five genera, and is divided into the subfamilies Lorisinae, or lorises, and Perodicticinae, or the angwantibos and pottos.

Subfamily Lorisinae – Gray, 1821 – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Loris
(slender loris)

É Geoffroy, 1796

Two species
  • L. lydekkerianus (Gray slender loris)
  • L. tardigradus (Red slender loris, pictured)
Sri Lanka and Southern India Size range: 18 cm (7 in) long with no tail (Gray slender loris) to 26 cm (10 in) long with no tail (Red slender loris)[129]

Habitat: Forest[130]

Diets: Insects, as well as tree frogs, geckos, small birds, eggs, and fruit[129]
Nycticebus
(slow loris)

É Geoffroy, 1812

Eight species
  • N. bancanus (Bangka slow loris)
  • N. bengalensis (Bengal slow loris)
  • N. borneanus (Bornean slow loris)
  • N. coucang (Sunda slow loris)
  • N. hilleri (Sumatran slow loris)
  • N. javanicus (Javan slow loris, pictured)
  • N. kayan (Kayan River slow loris)
  • N. menagensis (Philippine slow loris)
Southeastern Asia (blue and brown)
 Size range: 26 cm (10 in) long with no tail (Bangka slow loris) to 38 cm (15 in) long, with vestigial tail (Bengal slow loris)[131]

Habitat: Forest[132]

Diets: Resin, sap, gum, nectar, stems, fruit, invertebrates, lizards, bark, and bird eggs[131]
Xanthonycticebus

Nekaris & Nijman, 2022

One species
  • X. pygmaeus (Pygmy slow loris)
Southeastern Asia
 Size: 15–25 cm (6–10 in) long, with no tail[133]

Habitat: Forest[134]

Diet: Insects, gum, resin, fruit, and bamboo[133]
Subfamily Perodicticinae – Gray, 1870 – two genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Arctocebus
(angwantibo)

Gray, 1863

Two species
  • A. aureus (Golden angwantibo)
  • A. calabarensis (Calabar angwantibo, pictured)
Western equatorial Africa Size range: 22 cm (9 in) long, plus vestigial tail (Golden angwantibo) to 31 cm (12 in) long plus 10 cm (4 in) tail (Calabar angwantibo)[135]

Habitat: Forest[136]

Diets: Insects and fruit, as well as gum[135]
Perodicticus
(potto)

Bennett, 1831

Three species
  • P. edwarsi (Central African potto)
  • P. ibeanus (East African potto)
  • P. potto (West African potto, pictured)
Western and central Africa
 Size range: 29 cm (11 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (East African potto) to 39 cm (15 in) long plus 10 cm (4 in) tail (West African potto)[137]

Habitat: Forest[138]

Diets: Fruit, gum, nectar, invertebrates, and eggs, as well as moss and small vertebrates[137]

References

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  8. Allochrocebus sizes and diets:
  9. Allochrocebus habitats:
  10. Cercocebus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  11. Cercopithecus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  12. Chlorocebus sizes and diets:
  13. Chlorocebus habitats:
  14. Erythrocebus sizes and diets:
  15. Erythrocebus habitats:
  16. Lophocebus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  17. Macaca sizes and diets:
  18. Macaca habitats:
  19. Mandrillus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  20. Miopithecus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  21. Papio sizes and diets:
  22. Papio habitats:
  23. Kingdon 2015, p. 123
  24. Davenport, T. (2019). "Rungwecebus kipunji". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T136791A17961368. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T136791A17961368.en.
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  28. Colobus habitats:
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  33. Piliocolobus habitats:
  34. Presbytis sizes and diets:
  35. Presbytis habitats:
  36. Kingdon 2015, p. 102
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  39. Pygathrix sizes, habitats, and diets:
  40. Rhinopithecus sizes and diets:
  41. Rhinopithecus habitats:
  42. Semnopithecus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  43. Nowak 1999b, p. 156
  44. Quinten, M; et al. (2020). "Simias concolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T20229A17953422. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T20229A17953422.en.
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  46. Trachypithecus sizes and diets:
  47. Trachypithecus habitats:
  48. Gorilla sizes and diets:
  49. Gorilla habitats:
  50. Roser, M.; et al. (2019). "Human Height". Our World in Data. Global Change Data Lab. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021.
  51. Pan sizes and diets:
  52. Pan habitats:
  53. Pongo sizes and diets:
  54. Pongo habitats:
  55. Hoolock sizes, habitats, and diets:
  56. Hylobates sizes, habitats, and diets:
  57. Nomascus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  58. Eastridge, Andrew (2023). "Symphalangus syndactylus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on June 7, 2023.
  59. Nijman, V.; et al. (2020). "Symphalangus syndactylus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39779A17967873. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39779A17967873.en.
  60. Aotus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  61. Alouatta sizes, habitats, and diets:
  62. Ateles sizes and diets:
  63. Ateles habitats:
  64. Brachyteles sizes and diets:
  65. Brachyteles habitats:
  66. Lagothrix sizes and diets:
  67. Lagothrix habitats:
  68. Maffei, Devin (2023). "Callimico goeldii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan.
  69. Palacios, E.; et al. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Callimico goeldii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T3564A191700340. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T3564A191700340.en.
  70. Callithrix sizes and diets:
  71. Callithrix habitats:
  72. Cebuella sizes and diets:
  73. Cebuella habitats:
  74. Leontocebus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  75. Leontopithecus sizes and diets:
  76. Leontopithecus habitats:
  77. Mico sizes, habitats, and diets:
  78. Saguinus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  79. Cebus sizes and diets:
  80. Cebus habitats:
  81. Sapajus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  82. Saimiri sizes, habitats, and diets:
  83. Callicebus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  84. Cheracebus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  85. Plecturocebus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  86. Cacajao sizes and diets:
  87. Cacajao habitats:
  88. Chiropotes sizes and diets:
  89. Chiropotes habitats:
  90. Pithecia sizes, habitats, and diets:
  91. Kubicek, Carissa (2023). "Tarsius syrichta". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan.
  92. Shekelle, M. (2020). "Carlito syrichta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T21492A17978520. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T21492A17978520.en.
  93. Downey, Kathleen (June 2017). "Horsfield's Tarsier, Cephalopachus bancanus". New England Primate Conservancy.
  94. Shekelle, M.; et al. (2020). "Cephalopachus bancanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T21488A17976989. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T21488A17976989.en.
  95. McKeighan, Paul (2011). "Tarsius bancanus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan.
  96. Tarsius sizes, habitats, and diets:
  97. Drury, Chad (2002). "Allocebus trichotis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan.
  98. Louis, E. E.; et al. (2020). "Allocebus trichotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T868A115559302. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T868A115559302.en.
  99. Cheirogaleus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  100. Microcebus sizes, habitats, and diets:
    • Genus general diet: Thorén, S.; et al. (2011). "Seasonal Changes in Feeding Ecology and Activity Patterns of Two Sympatric Mouse Lemur Species, the Gray Mouse Lemur (Microcebus murinus) and the Golden-brown Mouse Lemur (M. ravelobensis), in Northwestern Madagascar". International Journal of Primatology. 32 (3): 566–586. Bibcode:2011IJPri..32..566T. doi:10.1007/s10764-010-9488-1. S2CID 39339969.
  101. Mirza sizes, habitats, and diets:
  102. Phaner sizes, habitats, and diets:
  103. Boucher, Elizabeth (2007). "Daubentonia madagascariensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan.
  104. Louis, E. E.; et al. (2020). "Daubentonia madagascariensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T6302A115560793. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T6302A115560793.en.
  105. Avahi sizes, habitats, and diets:
  106. Lundrigan, Barbara; et al. (2000). "Indri indri". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan.
  107. King, T.; et al. (2020). "Indri indri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T10826A115565566. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T10826A115565566.en.
  108. Propithecus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  109. Eulemur sizes, habitats, and diets:
  110. Hapalemur sizes, habitats, and diets:
  111. Baumhofer, Emma (2017). "Lemur catta". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan.
  112. LaFleur, M.; et al. (2020). "Lemur catta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T11496A115565760. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T11496A115565760.en.
  113. Hoving, Melissa (2011). "Prolemur simus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan.
  114. Ravaloharimanitra, M.; et al. (2020). "Prolemur simus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T9674A115564770. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T9674A115564770.en.
  115. Varecia sizes and diets:
  116. Varecia habitats:
  117. Lepilemur sizes, habitats, and diets:
  118. Euoticus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  119. Galago sizes and diets:
  120. Galago habitats:
  121. Galagoides sizes and diets:
  122. Galagoides habitats:
  123. Otolemur sizes and diets:
  124. Otolemur habitats:
  125. Paragalago sizes and diets:
  126. Paragalago habitats:
  127. Sciurocheirus sizes and diets:
  128. Sciurocheirus habitats:
  129. Loris sizes and diets:
  130. Loris habitats:
  131. Nycticebus sizes and diets:
  132. Nycticebus habitats:
  133. Gray, Margaret (2011). "Nycticebus pygmaeus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023.
  134. Blair, M.; et al. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Nycticebus pygmaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T14941A198267330. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T14941A198267330.en.
  135. Arctocebus sizes and diets:
  136. Arctocebus habitats:
  137. Perodicticus sizes and diets:
  138. Perodicticus habitats:

Sources