Saturn has 285 confirmed moons, the most of any planet in the Solar System.[1][2] Saturn's moons are diverse in size, ranging from tiny moonlets to Titan, which is larger than the planet Mercury and the second largest moon in the Solar System. Three of these moons possess particularly notable features: Titan has a nitrogen-rich, Earth-like atmosphere and a landscape featuring river networks and hydrocarbon lakes,[3] Enceladus emits jets of ice from its south-polar region and is covered in a deep layer of snow,[4] and Iapetus has contrasting black and white hemispheres as well as an extensive ridge of equatorial mountains which are among the tallest in the Solar System.

Twenty-four of the confirmed moons are regular satellites; they have prograde orbits not greatly inclined to Saturn's equatorial plane (except Iapetus, which has a prograde but significantly inclined orbit).[5][6][7] They include the seven rounded satellites, and four small moons that exist in a trojan orbit with some of the large moons. Four orbit inside of the diffuse G ring or between the major moons Mimas and Enceladus. Two moons are mutually co-orbital, Janus and Epimetheus. The relatively large Hyperion is locked in an orbital resonance with Titan. The remaining regular moons orbit near the edges of or within gaps in the main rings, some of which act as shepherd moons of the dense A Ring and the narrow F Ring. The regular satellites are traditionally named after Titans and Titanesses or other figures associated with the mythological Saturn, and one, S/2009 S 1, remains unnamed.

The remaining 261 moons, with mean diameters ranging from 2 to 213 km (1 to 132 mi), orbit much farther from Saturn. They are irregular satellites, which have high orbital inclinations and eccentricities mixed between prograde and retrograde. These moons are probably captured minor planets, or fragments from the collisional breakup of such bodies after they were captured, creating collisional families. The irregular satellites are classified by their orbital characteristics into the prograde Inuit and Gallic groups and the large retrograde Norse group, and their names are chosen from the corresponding mythologies (with the Gallic group corresponding to Celtic mythology). Phoebe, the largest irregular Saturnian moon, is the sole exception to this naming system; it is part of the Norse group but named for a Greek Titaness. As of March 2026, 221 of Saturn's irregular moons are unnamed.[8]

The rings of Saturn are made of objects ranging in size from microscopic to moonlets hundreds of meters across, each in its own orbit around Saturn.[9] The number of moons given above does not include these moonlets, nor hundreds of possible kilometer-sized distant moons that have been observed on single occasions.[8][10][11] Thus an absolute number of Saturnian moons cannot be given, because there is no consensus on a boundary between the countless small unnamed objects that form Saturn's ring system and the larger objects that have been named as moons. Over 150 moonlets embedded in the rings have been detected by the disturbance they create in the surrounding ring material, though this is thought to be only a small sample of the total population of such objects.[10]

Discovery

Early observations

Before the advent of telescopic photography, eight moons of Saturn were discovered by direct observation using optical telescopes. Saturn's largest moon, Titan, was discovered in 1655 by Christiaan Huygens using a 57-millimeter (2.2 in) objective lens[12] on a refracting telescope of his own design.[13] Tethys, Dione, Rhea and Iapetus (the "Sidera Lodoicea") were discovered between 1671 and 1684 by Giovanni Domenico Cassini.[14] Mimas and Enceladus were discovered in 1789 by William Herschel.[14] Hyperion was discovered in 1848 by W. C. Bond, G. P. Bond[15] and William Lassell.[16]

The use of long-exposure photographic plates made possible the discovery of additional moons. The first to be discovered in this manner, Phoebe, was found in 1899 by W. H. Pickering.[17] In 1966 the tenth satellite of Saturn was discovered by Audouin Dollfus, when the rings were observed edge-on near an equinox.[18] It was later named Janus. A few years later it was realized that all observations of 1966 could only be explained if another satellite had been present and that it had an orbit similar to that of Janus.[18] This object is now known as Epimetheus, the eleventh moon of Saturn. It shares the same orbit with Janus—the only known example of co-orbitals in the Solar System.[19] In 1980, three additional Saturnian moons were discovered from the ground and later confirmed by the Voyager probes. They are trojan moons of Dione (Helene) and Tethys (Telesto and Calypso).[19]

Observations by spacecraft

The study of the outer planets has since been revolutionized by the use of uncrewed space probes. The arrival of the Voyager spacecraft at Saturn in 1980–1981 resulted in the discovery of three additional moons—Atlas, Prometheus and Pandora—bringing the total to 17.[19] In addition, Epimetheus was confirmed as distinct from Janus. In 1990, Pan was discovered in archival Voyager images.[19]

The Cassini mission,[20] which arrived at Saturn in July 2004, initially discovered three small inner moons: Methone and Pallene between Mimas and Enceladus, and the second trojan moon of Dione, Polydeuces. It also observed three suspected but unconfirmed moons in the F Ring.[21] In November 2004 Cassini scientists announced that the structure of Saturn's rings indicates the presence of several more moons orbiting within the rings, although only one, Daphnis, had been visually confirmed at the time.[22] In 2007 Anthe was announced.[23] In 2008 it was reported that Cassini observations of a depletion of energetic electrons in Saturn's magnetosphere near Rhea might be the signature of a tenuous ring system around Saturn's second largest moon.[24] In March 2009, Aegaeon, a moonlet within the G Ring, was announced.[25] In July of the same year, S/2009 S 1, the first moonlet within the B Ring, was observed.[26] In April 2014, the possible beginning of a new moon, within the A Ring, was reported.[27] (related image)

Search for irregulars

Study of Saturn's moons has also been aided by advances in telescope instrumentation, primarily the introduction of digital charge-coupled devices which replaced photographic plates. For the 20th century, Phoebe stood alone among Saturn's known moons with its highly irregular orbit. Then in 2000, a team of astronomers led by Brett J. Gladman discovered twelve irregular moons of Saturn using various ground-based telescopes around the world.[28][29] The discovery of these irregular moons revealed orbital groupings within Saturn's irregular moon population, which provided the first insights into the collisional history of Saturn's irregular moons.[29]

In 2003, a team of astronomers including Scott Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, and Jan Kleyna began using the Subaru 8.2 m telescope at Mauna Kea Observatory to search for irregular moons around Saturn, and discovered Narvi.[29] Because of the Subaru telescope's very large aperture size alongside its camera's large field of view, it is capable of detecting extremely faint moons, hence Sheppard's team continued using the Subaru telescope for further moon searches.[29] In 2005, Sheppard's team announced the discovery of twelve more small outer moons from their Subaru observations.[30][31] Sheppard's team announced nine more irregular moons in 2006[32] and three more moons in 2007, when Tarqeq was announced in April 2007, followed by S/2007 S 2 and S/2007 S 3 the following month.[33]

No new irregular moons of Saturn were reported until 2019, when Sheppard's team identified twenty more irregular satellites of Saturn in archives of their 2004–2007 Subaru observations. This brought Saturn's moon count to 82, which resulted in Saturn overtaking Jupiter as the planet with the most known moons for the first time since 2000.[34][8] In 2019, researchers Edward Ashton, Brett Gladman, and Matthew Beaudoin conducted a survey of Saturn's Hill sphere using the 3.6-meter Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) and discovered about 80 new Saturnian irregular moons, which were reported to the Minor Planet Center (MPC) for announcement.[11][35] Follow-up observations of these new moons took place over 2019–2021, eventually leading to S/2019 S 1 being announced in November 2021 and an additional 62 moons being announced from 3–16 May 2023.[36][37] These discoveries brought Saturn's total number of confirmed moons up to 145, making it the first planet known to have over 100 moons.[36][38] Yet another moon, S/2006 S 20, was announced on 23 May 2023, bringing Saturn's total count moons to 146.[37] On 11 March 2025, 128 moons of Saturn were simultaneously announced by the MPC,[39] bringing the total number of confirmed moons to 274.[40][41][42] These moons were found by Ashton, Gladman, Mike Alexandersen, and Jean-Marc Petit, using the CFHT in 2023, as a continuation of their survey.[40][41] Ashton's team also searched in CFHT images taken by a separate team consisting of Wesley Fraser, Samantha Lawler, and John Kavelaars.[39] Many of these moons were traced back to earlier observations from 2004 to 2021, which correspond to their discovery dates.[39] An additional 11 moons were announced on 16 March 2026, bringing the total number of Saturnian moons to 285.[2]

All of these recently announced moons are small and faint, with diameters over 3 km (2 mi) and apparent magnitudes of 25–27.[11] These extremely dim moons could only be seen via the shift-and-add technique, where multiple long-exposure images are overlaid, shifted to follow the motion of Saturn in the sky, and then additively combined to bring out the signal of faint moons that follow Saturn in the sky.[11] The researchers found that the Saturnian irregular moon population is more abundant at smaller sizes, suggesting that they are likely fragments from a collision that occurred a few hundred million years ago. The researchers extrapolated that the true population of Saturnian irregular moons larger than 2.8 km (1.7 mi) in diameter amounts to 150±30, which is approximately three times as many Jovian irregular moons down to the same size. If this size distribution applies to even smaller diameters, Saturn would therefore intrinsically have more irregular moons than Jupiter.[11]

Naming

The modern names for Saturnian moons were suggested by John Herschel in 1847.[14] He proposed to name them after mythological figures associated with the Roman god of agriculture and harvest, Saturn (equated to the Greek Cronus).[14] In particular, the then known seven satellites were named after Titans, Titanesses and Giants – brothers and sisters of Cronus.[17] The idea was similar to Simon Marius' scheme for naming moons of Jupiter after children of Zeus.[43]

As Saturn devoured his children, his family could not be assembled around him, so that the choice lay among his brothers and sisters, the Titans and Titanesses. The name Iapetus seemed indicated by the obscurity and remoteness of the exterior satellite, Titan by the superior size of the Huyghenian, while the three female appellations [Rhea, Dione, and Tethys] class together the three intermediate Cassinian satellites. The minute interior ones seemed appropriately characterized by a return to male appellations [Enceladus and Mimas] chosen from a younger and inferior (though still superhuman) brood. [Results of the Astronomical Observations made ... at the Cape of Good Hope, p. 415]

In 1848, Lassell proposed that the eighth satellite of Saturn be named Hyperion after another Titan.[16][43] When in the 20th century the names of Titans were exhausted, the moons were named after different characters of the Greco-Roman mythology or giants from other mythologies.[44] All the irregular moons (except Phoebe, discovered about a century before the others) are named after Inuit, and Gallic gods, and after Norse ice giants.[45] The International Astronomical Union's (IAU) Committee for Planetary System Nomenclature, which oversees the naming of Solar System moons, rules that Saturnian moons that are smaller than 3 km in diameter (absolute magnitude HV > 16.5)[a] should only be named if it is of scientific interest.[46]

Some asteroids share the same names as moons of Saturn: 55 Pandora, 106 Dione, 577 Rhea, 1809 Prometheus, 1810 Epimetheus, and 4450 Pan. In addition, three more asteroids would share the names of Saturnian moons if not for spelling differences made permanent by the IAU: Calypso and asteroid 53 Kalypso; Helene and asteroid 101 Helena; and Gunnlod and asteroid 657 Gunlöd.

Formation

There are three main scenarios proposed to explain how the regular moons of Saturn formed. The first scenario proposes that they are remnants of the debris of a giant impact or the disruption of a previous moon system. It is thought that the Saturnian system of Titan, mid-sized moons, and rings developed from a set-up closer to the Galilean moons of Jupiter, though the details are unclear. It has been proposed either that a second Titan-sized moon broke up, producing the rings and inner mid-sized moons,[47] or that two large moons fused to form Titan, with the collision scattering icy debris that formed the mid-sized moons.[48] Studies based on Enceladus's tidal-based geologic activity and the lack of evidence of extensive past resonances in Tethys, Dione, and Rhea's orbits suggest that the moons up to and including Rhea may be only 100 million years old.[49]

Another more generic theory proposes that they that formed directly from the original circumplanetary disk around Saturn. The gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, are expected to have had circumplanetary disks, while this is considered unlikely for the ice giants Uranus and Neptune. The moons may have originated from the higher-density regions within the disk, and the mass of the system may be a reflection of the mass of the disk. Alternatively, several sets of moons may have formed then fallen out of their orbits due to drag with the disk, leading to the survival of only one large moon (Titan).[50]

The third idea is that moons coalesced from a previously much more massive set of rings. This would explain the existence of the small regular moons and the mid-sized moons interior to Titan. The ring system would have spread outward over time, some of it beyond the Roche limit of Saturn, allowing that material to accrete into moons. The moons would continue migrating outwards due to gravitation interactions with the rings but slow down the further away they move, leading to them colliding and merging. This means that moons farther away are older and tend to be more massive. This model does not address the origin of the ring system itself.[50]

Mass distribution

Saturn's satellite system is very lopsided: the largest moon, Titan, comprises 96% of the mass in orbit around the planet. The six other planemo (ellipsoidal) moons constitute 4% of the mass. These seven moons are large enough to have collapsed into a relaxed, ellipsoidal shape, though only one or two, Titan and possibly Rhea, are currently in hydrostatic equilibrium. The remaining small moons, together with the rings, comprise only 0.04% of the orbiting mass.[b]

Saturn's major satellites, compared with the Moon
Name
 Diameter
(km)[51] 		Mass
(kg)[52] 		Orbital radius
(km)[53] 		Orbital period
(days)[53]
Mimas 396
(0.12 D☾)		 4×1019
(0.0005 M☾)		 185,539
(0.48 a☾)		 0.9
(0.03 T☾)
Enceladus 504
(0.14 D☾)		 1.1×1020
(0.002 M☾)		 237,948
(0.62 a☾)		 1.4
(0.05 T☾)
Tethys 1,062
(0.30 D☾)		 6.2×1020
(0.008 M☾)		 294,619
(0.77 a☾)		 1.9
(0.07 T☾)
Dione 1,123
(0.32 D☾)		 1.1×1021
(0.015 M☾)		 377,396
(0.98 a☾)		 2.7
(0.10 T☾)
Rhea 1,527
(0.44 D☾)		 2.3×1021
(0.03 M☾)		 527,108
(1.37 a☾)		 4.5
(0.20 T☾)
Titan 5,149
(1.48 D☾)
(0.75 D♂)		 1.35×1023
(1.80 M☾)
(0.21 M♂)		 1,221,870
(3.18 a☾)		 16
(0.60 T☾)
Iapetus 1,470
(0.42 D☾)		 1.8×1021
(0.025 M☾)		 3,560,820
(9.26 a☾)		 79
(2.90 T☾)

Characteristics and groups

Although the boundaries may be somewhat vague, Saturn's moons can be divided into several groups according to their orbital characteristics. Many of them, such as Pan and Daphnis, orbit within Saturn's ring system and have orbital periods only slightly longer than the planet's rotation period.[54] The innermost moons and most regular satellites all have mean orbital inclinations ranging from less than a degree to about 1.5 degrees (except Iapetus, which has an inclination of 7.57 degrees) and small orbital eccentricities.[8] Some of the small inner moons are shepherd satellites, which have the effect of sculpting the rings: giving them sharp edges, and creating gaps between them. On the other hand, irregular satellites in the outermost regions of Saturn's moon system, in particular the Norse group, have orbital radii of millions of kilometers and orbital periods lasting several years. The moons of the Norse group also orbit in the opposite direction to Saturn's rotation.[45]

Inner moons

Inner ring moons

These satellites orbit the closest to Saturn, occupying spaces between the gaps or on the edges of the main rings.[55] Several act as shepherd moons, and they are Pan (Encke gap), Daphnis (Keeler gap), and Prometheus (F Ring).[21] Atlas and Pandora orbit on the outside edge of the A Ring and F Ring respectively, and were long thought to be shepherds as well, until more recent studies began to indicate otherwise. These moons likely formed as a result of accretion of the friable ring material on preexisting denser cores. The cores with sizes from one-third to one-half the present-day moons may be themselves collisional shards formed when a parental satellite of the rings disintegrated.[54]

Co-orbitals

Janus and Epimetheus are co-orbital moons.[19] They are of similar size, with Janus being somewhat larger than Epimetheus.[54] They have orbits with less than a 100-kilometer difference in semi-major axis, close enough that they would collide if they attempted to pass each other. Instead of colliding, their gravitational interaction causes them to swap orbits every four years.[56] Both moons additionally act as shepherds for the A Ring.[21]

Ring-embedded moons

These four moons' orbits are embedded within their own faint rings or partial arcs, and serve as sources of material within their respective ring structures. They are some of the smallest moons in the Saturnian system.[55] Aegaeon resides within the bright arc of G Ring, while the other three moons, Methone, Anthe, and Pallene, orbit between the major moons Mimas and Enceladus. The latter three are sometimes collectively referred to as the Alkyonides, named after those of Greek mythology.

Aegaeon is trapped in the 7:6 mean-motion resonance with Mimas,[25] meaning that it makes exactly seven revolutions around Saturn while Mimas makes exactly six. The moon is the largest among the population of bodies that are sources of dust in the G ring.[57] Aegaeon, Anthe, and Methone are involved in orbital resonances, resulting in ring arcs along their orbits. Ejecta from their surfaces remains locked in the same resonance as the moon is, shaping into an arc instead of a uniform ring. In contrast, Pallene, which is not in resonance, possesses a faint, complete ring.[58][59]

Imagery shows that Aegaeon, Methone, and Pallene are much darker than expected, possibly due to exposure to high-energy radiation.[60] Methone and Pallene are the only moons that have been imaged in any detail, revealing them to be morphologically different from any small moon, asteroid, or comet imaged previously.[61] Of the two, only Methone has been imaged from close range, showing it to be egg-shaped with very few or no craters.[62]

Trojans

Trojan moons are a unique feature only known from the Saturnian system. A trojan body orbits at either the leading L4 or trailing L5 Lagrange point of a much larger object, such as a large moon or planet. Tethys has two trojan moons, Telesto (leading) and Calypso (trailing), and Dione also has two, Helene (leading) and Polydeuces (trailing).[21] Helene is the largest trojan moon, while Polydeuces is by far the smallest and has the most chaotic orbit.[56] These moons are coated with dusty material that has smoothed out their surfaces.[63]

Major moons

In the Saturnian system, there are seven moons large enough to be ellipsoidal, though Hyperion is often taken with them to make eight major moons. Sometimes Phoebe is included as well, though usually it is placed with the irregular satellites (see below). The moons inward of Titan orbit within Saturn's tenuous E Ring. The three smaller moons of the Alkyonides group and the trojan moons orbit with the innermost four moons.

Otherwise Rhea has rather a typical heavily cratered surface,[65] with the exceptions of a few large Dione-type fractures (wispy terrain) on the trailing hemisphere[72] and a very faint "line" of material at the equator that may have been deposited by material deorbiting from present or former rings.[73] Rhea also has two very large impact basins on its anti-Saturnian hemisphere, which are about 400 and 500 km across.[72] The first, Tirawa, is roughly comparable to the Odysseus basin on Tethys.[65] There is also a 48 km-diameter impact crater called Inktomi at 112°W that is prominent because of an extended system of bright rays,[74] which may be one of the youngest craters on the inner moons of Saturn.[72] No evidence of any endogenic activity has been discovered on the surface of Rhea.[72]
The surface of Titan, which is difficult to observe due to persistent atmospheric haze, shows only a few impact craters and is probably very young.[76] It contains a pattern of light and dark regions, flow channels and possibly cryovolcanos.[76][79] Some dark regions are covered by longitudinal dune fields shaped by tidal winds, where sand is made of frozen water or hydrocarbons.[80] Titan is the only body in the Solar System beside Earth with bodies of liquid on its surface, in the form of methane–ethane lakes in Titan's north and south polar regions.[81] The largest lake, Kraken Mare, is larger than the Caspian Sea.[82] Like the moons Europa and Ganymede of Jupiter, it is believed that Titan has a subsurface ocean made of water mixed with ammonia, which can erupt to the surface of the moon and lead to cryovolcanism.[79] On 2 July 2014, NASA reported the ocean inside Titan may be "as salty as the Earth's Dead Sea".[83][84]
A clue to the origin of the dark material covering part of Iapetus's starkly dichromatic surface may have been found in 2009, when NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope discovered a vast, nearly invisible disk around Saturn, just inside the orbit of the moon Phoebe – the Phoebe ring.[88] Scientists believe that the disk originates from dust and ice particles kicked up by impacts on Phoebe. Because the disk particles, like Phoebe itself, orbit in the opposite direction to Iapetus, Iapetus collides with them as they drift in the direction of Saturn, darkening its leading hemisphere slightly.[88] Once a difference in albedo, and hence in average temperature, was established between different regions of Iapetus, a thermal runaway process of water ice sublimation from warmer regions and deposition of water vapor onto colder regions ensued. Iapetus's present two-toned appearance results from the contrast between the bright, primarily ice-coated areas and regions of dark lag, the residue left behind after the loss of surface ice.[89][90]

Irregular moons

Irregular moons are small satellites with distant, inclined, and frequently retrograde orbits, believed to have been acquired by the parent planet through a capture process. They often occur as collisional families or groups.[29] The precise size and albedo of many of the irregular moons are not known because they are too small to be resolved by telescopes on Earth and in space, so their sizes are estimated from their brightness by assuming a dark surface or low albedo of around 6% (albedo of Phoebe) or less.[28] The irregular moons generally have featureless visible and near infrared spectra dominated by water absorption bands.[29] They are typically gray (spectrally neutral) or moderately red in color—similar to C-type, P-type, or D-type asteroids,[45] though they are much less red than Kuiper belt objects.[29][c]

Inuit

The Inuit group includes 38 prograde outer moons that are similar enough in their distances from the planet (190–300 radii of Saturn), their orbital inclinations (43–51°) and their colors that they can be considered a group.[28][45] The Inuit group is further split into three distinct subgroups at different semi-major axes, and are named after their respective largest members. Ordered by increasing semi-major axis, these subgroups are the Kiviuq subgroup (188 Saturn radii), Paaliaq (249 Saturn radii), and the Siarnaq subgroup (297 Saturn radii).[91][92][93] It is unknown whether all of these subgroups of the Inuit group share a common origin.[92]

The Kiviuq group includes 22 members, with the only named members being Ijiraq and the group's largest member and namesake Kiviuq. Kiviuq has a diameter of about 17 km and has a highly elongated shape, which may indicate it is a contact binary.[94] The Siarnaq group includes 15 members, with the only named members being Tarqeq and the group's namesake Siarnaq.[93] Siarnaq is the largest member of its subgroup and the entire Inuit group, with an estimated diameter of about 39 km.[95] The moons of the Kiviuq and Siarnaq subgroups are tightly clustered in semi-major axis and inclination with respect to their namesake moon, which makes them distinct collisional families.[92][40] In contrast to Kiviuq and Siarnaq, Paaliaq (diameter ~25 km) does not have an associated subgroup.[92][91]

Gallic

The Gallic group includes 19 prograde outer moons that are similar in their orbital inclination (34–41°), their orbital eccentricity, and their color that they can be considered a group.[28][45] The named members of the Gallic group are Albiorix, Bebhionn, Erriapus, and Tarvos.[93] The largest of these moons is Albiorix with an estimated diameter of about 29 km.[95] The Gallic group may be divided into the Albiorix subgroup, which consists of 16 moons with semi-major axes between 200–330 radii of Saturn, and the outlier moon S/2004 S 24 which has a lower eccentricity and a much more distant semi-major axis of ~400 Saturn radii.[93][92] S/2004 S 24 may not be directly related to the Gallic group, although it is possible that it could have formed as a fragment of an Albiorix subgroup member that was collisionally disrupted when it was at its farthest distance from Saturn in its elliptical orbit.[92]

Norse

All 204 retrograde outer moons of Saturn are broadly classified into the Norse group.[28][45] Only 31 moons of the Norse group have been named: Aegir, Angrboda, Alvaldi, Beli, Bergelmir, Bestla, Eggther, Farbauti, Fenrir, Fornjot, Geirrod, Gerd, Greip, Gridr, Gunnlod, Hati, Hyrrokkin, Jarnsaxa, Kari, Loge, Mundilfari, Narvi, Phoebe, Skathi, Skoll, Skrymir, Surtur, Suttungr, Thiazzi, Thrymr, and Ymir.[93]

Although the Norse group does not show obvious clustering in orbital elements, researchers led by Edward Ashton have proposed splitting the Norse group into four different subgroups by inclination.[92] These subgroups still have a broad range of orbital semi-major axes, inclinations, and eccentricities, and may not necessarily have an impact origin.[92]

List

The Saturnian moons are listed here by orbital period (or semi-major axis), from shortest to longest. Moons massive enough for their surfaces to have collapsed into a spheroid are highlighted in bold and marked with a blue background, while the irregular moons are listed in red, orange, and gray background. The orbits and mean distances of the irregular moons are strongly variable over short timescales due to frequent planetary and solar perturbations, so the orbital elements of irregular moons listed here are averaged over a 5,000-year numerical integration by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. These may sometimes strongly differ from the osculating orbital elements orbital elements provided by other sources.[93][99] Otherwise, recently discovered irregular moons without published proper elements are temporarily listed here with inaccurate osculating orbital elements that are italicized to distinguish them from other irregular moons with proper orbital elements. The mean orbital elements are based on a reference epoch of 1 January 2000.[93]

Key
  Other regular moons (17) ♠ Round moons (7) ♦ Inuit group (38) ♣ Gallic group (19) ‡ Norse group (204)
Label
[d] 		Name Pronunciation Image Abs.
magn.
[e] 		Diameter
(km)
[f] 		Mass
(×1015 kg)
[g] 		Semi-major
axis
(km)
[93] 		Orbital period (d)
[93][h] 		Inclination
(°)
[93][i] 		Eccentricity
[93] 		Group
[j] 		Discovery
year
[1] 		Year announced Discoverer
[44][1]
S/2009 S 1 — — 0.3 ≈ 0.0000071 116900 0.47150 ≈ 0.0 ≈ 0.000   2009 2009 Cassini[26]
XVIII Pan /ˈpæn/ 9.2 28.2
(35 × 28 × 21)		 4.30 133600 +0.57505 0.0 0.000 inner ring 1990 1990 Showalter
XXXV Daphnis /ˈdæfnəs/ — 7.6
(9.8 × 8.4 × 5.6)		 0.068 136500 +0.59408 0.0 0.000 inner ring 2005 2005 Cassini
XV Atlas /ˈætləs/ 8.5 30.2
(41 × 35 × 19)		 5.490 137700 +0.60460 0.0 0.001 inner ring 1980 1980 Voyager 1
XVI Prometheus /proʊˈmiːθiəs/ 6.7 86.2
(137 × 81 × 56)		 159.72 139400 +0.61588 0.0 0.002 inner ring 1980 1980 Voyager 1
XVII Pandora /pænˈdɔːrə/ 6.5 81.4
(104 × 81 × 64)		 135.7 141700 +0.63137 0.0 0.004 inner ring 1980 1980 Voyager 1
XI Epimetheus /ɛpəˈmiːθiəs/ 5.5 116.2
(130 × 114 × 106)		 525.607 151400 +0.69701 0.3 0.020 co-orbital (with Janus) 1966 1967 Fountain & Larson
X Janus /ˈdʒeɪnəs/ 4.5 179
(203 × 185 × 153)		 1893.88 151500 +0.69735 0.2 0.007 co-orbital (with Epimetheus) 1966 1967 Dollfus
LIII Aegaeon /iːˈdʒiːɒn/ — 0.66
(1.4 × 0.5 × 0.4)		 0.0000782 167500 +0.80812 0.0 0.000 ring-embedded 2008 2009 Cassini
I ♠Mimas /ˈmaɪməs/ 3.2 396.4
(416 × 393 × 381)		 37509.4 186000 +0.94242 1.6 0.020   1789 1789 Herschel
XXXII Methone /məˈθoʊniː/ — 2.9
(4.0 × 2.6 × 2.4)		 0.00392 194700 +1.00955 0.0 0.002 ring-embedded 2004 2004 Cassini
XLIX Anthe /ˈænθiː/ — 1.8 ≈ 0.0015 198100 +1.03890 0.0 0.002 ring-embedded 2007 2007 Cassini
XXXIII Pallene /pəˈliːniː/ — 4.44
(5.8 × 4.2 × 3.7)		 ≈ 0.023 212300 +1.15606 0.2 0.004 ring-embedded 2004 2004 Cassini
II ♠Enceladus /ɛnˈsɛlədəs/ 2.1 504.2
(513 × 503 × 497)		 108031.8 238400 +1.37022 0.0 0.005   1789 1789 Herschel
III ♠Tethys /ˈtiːθəs/ 0.7 1062.2
(1077 × 1057 × 1053)		 617495.9 295000 +1.88780 1.1 0.001   1684 1684 Cassini
XIII Telesto /təˈlɛstoʊ/ 8.7 24.8
(33 × 23 × 19)		 ≈ 3.9 295000 +1.88780 1.2 0.001 trojan (Tethys L4) 1980 1980 Smith et al.
XIV Calypso /kəˈlɪpsoʊ/ 9.2 21.4
(29 × 19 × 13)		 ≈ 1.8 295000 +1.88780 1.5 0.001 trojan (Tethys L5) 1980 1980 Pascu et al.
XII Helene /ˈhɛləniː/ 8.2 35.2
(45 × 39 × 27)		 7.1 377600 +2.73692 0.2 0.007 trojan (Dione L4) 1980 1980 Laques & Lecacheux
XXXIV Polydeuces /pɒliˈdjuːsiːz/ — 2.6
(3.5 × 3.1 × 2.7)		 ≈ 0.0075 377600 +2.73692 0.2 0.019 trojan (Dione L5) 2004 2004 Cassini
IV ♠Dione /daɪˈoʊniː/ 0.8 1122.8
(1128 × 1123 × 1119)		 1095486.8 377700 +2.73692 0.0 0.002   1684 1684 Cassini
V ♠Rhea /ˈreɪə/ 0.1 1527.6
(1530 × 1526 × 1525)		 2306485.4 527200 +4.51750 0.3 0.001   1672 1673 Cassini
VI ♠Titan /ˈtaɪtən/ –1.3 5149.46
(5149 × 5149 × 5150)		 134518035.4 1221900 +15.9454 0.3 0.029   1655 1656 Huygens
VII Hyperion /haɪˈpɪəriən/ 4.8 270.0
(360 × 266 × 205)		 5551.0 1481500 +21.2767 0.6 0.105   1848 1848 Bond & Lassell
VIII ♠Iapetus /aɪˈæpətəs/ 1.2 1468.6
(1491 × 1491 × 1424)		 1805659.1 3561700 +79.3310 7.6 0.028   1671 1673 Cassini
♦S/2023 S 1 ― 16.6 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 11205400 +442.86 48.8 0.386 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
♦S/2019 S 1 — 15.3 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.11 11245400 +445.17 49.5 0.383 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2019 2021 Ashton et al.
♦S/2004 S 54 ― 16.1 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 11277500 +447.14 48.1 0.373 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2004 2025 Sheppard et al.
♦S/2004 S 55 ― 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 11294700 +448.16 48.9 0.260 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2004 2025 Sheppard et al.
♦S/2020 S 11 ― 16.9 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 11295600 +448.21 48.2 0.372 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
♦S/2019 S 22 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 11305100 +448.48 47.3 0.369 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
XXIV ♦Kiviuq /ˈkɪviək/ 12.7 ≈ 17 ≈ 3.6 11307400 +448.91 48.0 0.275 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2000 2000 Gladman et al.
♦S/2023 S 2 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 11309900 +449.05 45.7 0.339 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
♦S/2019 S 23 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 11310200 +449.08 48.7 0.255 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
♦S/2020 S 12 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 11314500 +449.33 50.8 0.260 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
♦S/2023 S 56 ― 17.1 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 11316900 +449 40.1 0.537 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2023 2026 Ashton et al.
♦S/2005 S 4 — 15.7 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.065 11324500 +449.93 48.0 0.315 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2005 2023 Sheppard et al.
♦S/2019 S 25 ― 16.4 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 11329400 +450.22 48.1 0.271 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
♦S/2020 S 1 — 15.9 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 11338600 +450.77 48.2 0.337 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2020 2023 Ashton et al.
XXII ♦Ijiraq /ˈiːɪrɒk/ 13.2 ≈ 13 ≈ 1.8 11344700 +451.12 49.2 0.293 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2000 2000 Gladman et al.
♦S/2019 S 24 ― 16.1 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 11360500 +452.07 46.7 0.345 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
♦S/2007 S 10 ― 16.1 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 11364900 +452.36 45.8 0.367 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2007 2025 Sheppard et al.
♦S/2020 S 48 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 11366600 +453 46.1 0.374 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2020 2026 Ashton et al.
♦S/2019 S 26 ― 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 11390900 +453.89 48.1 0.365 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
♦S/2020 S 13 ― 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 11415600 +455.39 48.0 0.373 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 50 ― 16.9 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 11656500 −469.82 166.1 0.263 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
♦S/2023 S 6 ― 16.4 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 11953100 +487.91 47.4 0.336 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
♦S/2023 S 7 ― 15.9 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 12133700 +499.01 44.7 0.284 Inuit group (Kiviuq) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 38 ― 17.0 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 12823500 −546.31 149.2 0.909 Norse group (low-inclination) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
IX ‡Phoebe /ˈfiːbi/ 6.7 213.0
(219 × 217 × 204)		 8312.3 12929400 −550.30 175.2 0.164 Norse group (Phoebe) 1898 1899 Pickering
‡S/2023 S 9 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 13167500 −564.11 172.2 0.141 Norse group (Phoebe) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2006 S 20 — 15.8 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.065 13193700 −565.79 173.1 0.206 Norse group (Phoebe) 2006 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2004 S 56 ― 15.8 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.065 13670200 −596.69 161.6 0.339 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2025 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2023 S 8 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 14018800 −619.69 166.9 0.122 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 11 ― 16.9 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 14046100 −621.49 170.9 0.300 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2006 S 9 — 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 14406700 −645.58 173.0 0.249 Norse group (Phoebe) 2006 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2006 S 21 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 14976500 −684.28 169.8 0.204 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2006 2025 Sheppard et al.
XX ♦Paaliaq /ˈpɑːliɒk/ 11.7 ≈ 25[105] ≈ 14 14997700 +685.72 48.5 0.378 Inuit group[k] 2000 2000 Gladman et al.
‡S/2006 S 22 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 15109500 −693.41 172.0 0.246 Norse group (Phoebe)[l] 2006 2025 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2023 S 13 ― 16.6 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 15193000 −699.18 168.5 0.179 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 10 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 15500200 −720.49 163.0 0.302 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
XXVII ‡Skathi /ˈskɑːði/ 14.3 ≈ 8 ≈ 0.38 15575400 −725.73 151.6 0.281 Norse group (low-inclination) 2000 2000 Gladman et al.
‡S/2023 S 12 ― 16.9 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 15805900 −741.92 168.8 0.601 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2007 S 5 — 16.2 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 15835600 −744.01 158.4 0.104 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2007 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2007 S 7 — 16.2 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 15931600 −750.80 169.3 0.217 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2007 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2007 S 2 — 15.6 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.065 15939100 −751.33 174.0 0.232 Norse group (Phoebe)[m] 2007 2007 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2004 S 37 — 15.9 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 15956300 −752.55 158.2 0.448 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2019 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2004 S 47 — 16.3 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 16050700 −759.22 160.9 0.291 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2004 S 40 — 16.3 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 16075600 −761.00 169.2 0.297 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2020 S 14 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 16186200 −768.86 161.7 0.313 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2019 S 27 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 16267000 −774.63 162.1 0.420 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
XXVI ♣Albiorix /ˌælbiˈɒrɪks/ 11.2 28.6 ≈ 12 16329200 +779.07 36.8 0.482 Gallic group 2000 2000 Holman
‡S/2019 S 2 — 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 16560300 −795.67 173.3 0.279 Norse group (Phoebe) 2019 2023 Ashton et al.
♣S/2020 S 15 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 16729200 +807.82 37.1 0.462 Gallic group 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
♣S/2023 S 55 ― 16.9 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 16748100 +809 34.3 0.516 Gallic group 2023 2026 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 14 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 16853000 −816.86 171.6 0.497 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 16 ― 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 16963400 −824.92 167.3 0.405 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 16 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 17005300 −827.81 162.6 0.270 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
XXXVII ♣Bebhionn /ˈbeɪvɪn/ 15.0 ≈ 6 ≈ 0.18 17027300 +829.64 38.6 0.459 Gallic group 2004 2005 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2023 S 53 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 17029200 −830 170.2 0.126 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2026 Ashton et al.
♣S/2007 S 8 — 16.0 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 17048900 +831.21 36.2 0.490 Gallic group 2007 2023 Sheppard et al.
LX ♣S/2004 S 29 — 15.7 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.065 17063900 +832.27 38.6 0.485 Gallic group 2004 2019 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2019 S 3 — 16.2 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 17077400 −833.19 166.9 0.248 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2019 2023 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 17 ― 16.3 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 17094200 −834.45 148.9 0.378 Norse group (low-inclination) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 20 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 17261000 −846.77 136.5 0.442 Norse group (low-inclination) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
♣S/2019 S 29 ― 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 17353900 +853.62 37.7 0.441 Gallic group 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
♣S/2023 S 18 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 17381700 +855.65 36.7 0.448 Gallic group 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
♣S/2023 S 17 ― 17.1 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 17385300 +855.94 35.9 0.498 Gallic group 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 7 — 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 17394000 −856.53 161.4 0.500 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2023 Ashton et al.
♣S/2007 S 11 ― 16.3 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 17434400 +859.53 35.5 0.499 Gallic group 2007 2025 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2019 S 28 ― 16.3 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 17496000 −864.09 158.4 0.199 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
♦S/2004 S 31 — 15.6 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.065 17497100 +863.92 48.0 0.159 Inuit group (Siarnaq) 2004 2019 Sheppard et al.
XXVIII ♣Erriapus /ɛriˈæpəs/ 13.7 ≈ 10 ≈ 0.95 17506900 +864.92 37.1 0.475 Gallic group 2000 2000 Gladman et al.
♦S/2023 S 19 ― 17.0 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 17590300 +870.92 48.2 0.092 Inuit group (Siarnaq) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
♣S/2023 S 54 ― 17.0 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 17604100 +872 34.2 0.631 Gallic group 2023 2026 Ashton et al.
XLVII ‡Skoll /ˈskɒl/ 15.4 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.11 17623400 −873.57 159.4 0.463 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2006 2006 Sheppard et al.
♦S/2023 S 3 ― 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 17646400 +875.00 46.9 0.178 Inuit group (Siarnaq) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2019 S 30 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 17709900 −879.97 168.3 0.107 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
♦S/2020 S 19 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 17726700 +881.04 48.1 0.159 Inuit group (Siarnaq) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
♣S/2019 S 31 ― 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 17739100 +882.24 39.8 0.488 Gallic group 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
LII ♦Tarqeq /ˈtɑːrkeɪk/ 14.8 ≈ 7 ≈ 0.18 17751000 +882.85 48.7 0.144 Inuit group (Siarnaq) 2007 2007 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2023 S 21 ― 16.9 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 17755400 −883.31 157.3 0.077 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 4 ― 16.4 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 17764600 −884.11 170.0 0.276 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 18 ― 16.6 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 17777900 −885.12 168.9 0.180 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
♦S/2019 S 14 — 16.3 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 17852800 +890.59 46.2 0.172 Inuit group (Siarnaq) 2019 2023 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 2 — 16.9 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 17869000 −891.86 170.7 0.152 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2023 Ashton et al.
XXIX ♦Siarnaq /ˈsiːɑːrnək/ 10.6 39.3 ≈ 32 17881100 +892.68 47.8 0.308 Inuit group (Siarnaq) 2000 2000 Gladman et al.
‡S/2019 S 4 — 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 17951900 −898.09 170.1 0.408 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2019 2023 Ashton et al.
♦S/2019 S 32 ― 15.7 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.065 17960500 +898.71 46.2 0.276 Inuit group (Siarnaq) 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 20 ― 16.6 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 17997300 −901.53 169.8 0.133 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
♦S/2020 S 3 — 16.4 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 18056800 +905.84 46.0 0.142 Inuit group (Siarnaq) 2020 2023 Ashton et al.
‡S/2004 S 41 — 16.3 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 18095400 −908.89 165.7 0.301 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al.
♦S/2005 S 6 ― 16.3 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 18107300 +909.58 47.7 0.084 Inuit group (Siarnaq) 2005 2025 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2004 S 57 ― 16.2 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 18150500 −913.07 167.9 0.263 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2025 Sheppard et al.
♦S/2019 S 6 — 15.7 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.065 18205600 +917.11 46.4 0.120 Inuit group (Siarnaq) 2019 2023 Ashton et al.
‡S/2006 S 24 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 18210700 −917.56 165.9 0.352 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2006 2025 Sheppard et al.
XXI ♣Tarvos /ˈtɑːrvəs/ 13.1 ≈ 15 ≈ 2.1 18216600 +917.98 37.8 0.522 Gallic group 2000 2000 Gladman et al.
♣S/2020 S 4 — 17.0 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 18236400 +919.52 40.1 0.496 Gallic group 2020 2023 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 30 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 18238300 −919.71 142.4 0.493 Norse group (low-inclination) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2004 S 42 — 16.1 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 18240700 −919.88 165.7 0.158 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2023 S 15 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 18241300 −919.93 161.9 0.549 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
♦S/2004 S 58 ― 15.8 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.065 18254500 +920.80 45.7 0.249 Inuit group (Siarnaq) 2004 2025 Sheppard et al.
♦S/2006 S 23 ― 16.4 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 18269700 +921.86 43.8 0.190 Inuit group (Siarnaq) 2006 2025 Sheppard et al.
XLIV ‡Hyrrokkin /hɪˈrɒkən/ 14.3 ≈ 8 ≈ 0.38 18340900 −927.46 149.9 0.336 Norse group (low-inclination) 2004 2005 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2023 S 24 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 18351800 −928.25 169.7 0.374 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
LI ‡Greip /ˈɡreɪp/ 15.3 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.11 18380000 −930.44 174.2 0.317 Norse group (Phoebe) 2006 2006 Sheppard et al.
♦S/2020 S 5 — 16.6 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 18391000 +931.19 48.2 0.220 Inuit group (Siarnaq) 2020 2023 Ashton et al.
♣S/2019 S 34 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 18446800 +935.45 37.6 0.536 Gallic group 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2004 S 13 — 16.3 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 18453700 −936.09 169.0 0.265 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2005 Sheppard et al.
♣S/2005 S 7 ― 16.4 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 18502500 +939.75 34.6 0.565 Gallic group 2005 2025 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2007 S 6 — 16.4 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 18545000 −942.98 166.5 0.168 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2007 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2019 S 35 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 18557800 −944.00 157.3 0.577 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2006 S 25 ― 16.4 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 18572400 −945.07 158.8 0.303 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2006 2025 Sheppard et al.
♦S/2023 S 22 ― 16.3 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 18577500 +945.37 47.5 0.182 Inuit group (Siarnaq) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
XXV ‡Mundilfari /mʊndəlˈværi/ 14.5 ≈ 7 ≈ 0.27 18588200 −946.29 167.1 0.211 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2000 2000 Gladman et al.
‡S/2006 S 26 ― 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 18619300 −948.67 171.9 0.248 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2006 2025 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2019 S 33 ― 16.3 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 18696100 −954.53 170.4 0.289 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2006 S 1 — 15.7 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.065 18746300 −958.32 156.1 0.105 Norse group (Kari) 2006 2006 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2023 S 23 ― 16.4 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 18783700 −961.22 164.8 0.350 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 21 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 18862100 −967.26 169.9 0.307 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2004 S 43 — 16.3 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 18935700 −972.85 171.1 0.432 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2006 S 10 — 16.4 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 18979900 −976.34 161.6 0.151 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2006 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2019 S 5 — 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 19090100 −984.87 158.8 0.216 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2019 2023 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 25 ― 17.0 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 19136600 −988.53 166.4 0.281 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 46 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 19155900 −990 166.0 0.157 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2026 Ashton et al.
‡S/2004 S 59 ― 16.4 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 19170700 −991.18 167.3 0.262 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2025 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2006 S 27 ― 16.3 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 19205700 −993.79 170.5 0.140 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2006 2025 Sheppard et al.
LIV ‡Gridr /ˈɡriːðər/ 15.8 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.065 19250600 −997.33 163.9 0.187 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2019 Sheppard et al.
XXXVIII ‡Bergelmir /bɛərˈjɛlmɪər/ 15.2 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.11 19268100 −998.62 158.8 0.145 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2005 Sheppard et al.
L ‡Jarnsaxa /jɑːrnˈsæksə/ 15.6 ≈ 6 ≈ 0.065 19273500 −999.13 163.0 0.218 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2006 2006 Sheppard et al.
XXXI ‡Narvi /ˈnɑːrvi/ 14.5 ≈ 7 ≈ 0.27 19285000 −999.94 142.2 0.441 Norse group (low-inclination) 2003 2003 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2023 S 44 ― 16.6 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 19292400 −1000.47 167.4 0.434 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
XXIII ‡Suttungr /ˈsʊtʊŋɡər/ 14.5 ≈ 7 ≈ 0.27 19391900 −1008.25 175.7 0.116 Norse group (Phoebe) 2000 2000 Gladman et al.
‡S/2020 S 22 ― 16.6 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 19443000 −1012.24 161.3 0.059 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2004 S 44 — 15.8 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.065 19515400 −1017.91 167.7 0.129 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2004 S 60 ― 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 19517000 −1018.13 173.8 0.280 Norse group (Phoebe) 2004 2025 Sheppard et al.
♣S/2006 S 12 — 16.2 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 19570300 +1022.29 38.6 0.542 Gallic group[n] 2006 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2007 S 3 — 15.7 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.065 19614400 −1025.70 173.8 0.150 Norse group (Phoebe) 2007 2007 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2004 S 45 — 16.0 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 19693700 −1031.86 154.0 0.551 Norse group (Kari) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al.
XLIII ‡Hati /ˈhɑːti/ 15.4 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.11 19695000 −1032.02 165.4 0.372 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2005 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2004 S 17 — 16.0 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 19699000 −1032.37 167.9 0.162 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2005 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2006 S 11 — 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 19711900 −1033.35 174.1 0.143 Norse group (Phoebe) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2004 S 12 — 15.9 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 19801000 −1040.39 164.7 0.337 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2005 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2020 S 23 ― 16.6 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 19801500 −1040.38 165.0 0.089 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 27 ― 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 19820100 −1041.85 151.1 0.652 Norse group (low-inclination) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
LIX ‡Eggther /ˈɛɡθɛər/ 15.4 ≈ 6 ≈ 0.11 19844600 −1043.80 165.0 0.157 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2019 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2023 S 28 ― 16.9 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 19881000 −1046.56 168.7 0.575 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 37 ― 16.9 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 19889800 −1047.39 172.3 0.215 Norse group (Phoebe) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 26 ― 16.9 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 19894300 −1047.76 163.9 0.306 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2019 S 36 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 19903200 −1048.42 166.9 0.161 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2006 S 13 — 16.1 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 19953300 −1052.32 162.0 0.313 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2006 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2019 S 37 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 19996900 −1055.78 149.9 0.404 Norse group (low-inclination) 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 48 ― 16.6 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 20029200 −1058.35 169.7 0.022 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 29 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 20042400 −1059.42 172.2 0.141 Norse group (Phoebe) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2007 S 9 — 16.1 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 20174600 −1069.81 159.3 0.360 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2007 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2019 S 7 — 16.3 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 20185100 −1070.80 174.2 0.233 Norse group (Phoebe) 2019 2023 Ashton et al.
‡S/2019 S 8 — 16.3 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 20287400 −1078.86 172.8 0.311 Norse group (Phoebe) 2019 2023 Ashton et al.
XL ‡Farbauti /fɑːrˈbaʊti/ 15.8 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.065 20290700 −1079.12 156.2 0.249 Norse group (Kari) 2004 2005 Sheppard et al.
XXX ‡Thrymr /ˈθrɪmər/ 14.3 ≈ 8 ≈ 0.38 20330500 −1082.23 175.0 0.467 Norse group (Phoebe) 2000 2000 Gladman et al.
XXXIX ‡Bestla /ˈbɛstlə/ 14.6 ≈ 7 ≈ 0.27 20337800 −1082.94 138.3 0.486 Norse group (low-inclination) 2004 2005 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2019 S 9 — 16.3 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 20359700 −1084.62 159.5 0.433 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2019 2023 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 32 ― 17.2 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.004 20454400 −1092.24 169.8 0.037 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2004 S 46 — 16.4 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 20513800 −1096.99 177.2 0.249 Norse group (Phoebe) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al.
LV ‡Angrboda /ˈɑːŋɡərboʊðə/ 16.1 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 20591500 −1103.20 177.7 0.216 Norse group (Phoebe) 2004 2019 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2020 S 24 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 20618300 −1105.41 159.6 0.230 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2019 S 11 — 16.3 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 20664200 −1109.11 144.6 0.513 Norse group (low-inclination) 2019 2023 Ashton et al.
XXXVI ‡Aegir /ˈaɪ.ɪər/ 15.5 ≈ 6 ≈ 0.065 20664400 −1109.13 166.1 0.255 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2005 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2023 S 57 ― 17.2 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.004 20669600 −1110 170.6 0.252 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2026 Ashton et al.
‡S/2019 S 10 — 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 20700300 −1111.99 163.9 0.248 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2019 2023 Ashton et al.
LXI ‡Beli /ˈbeɪli/ 16.1 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 20703700 −1112.27 158.9 0.087 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2019 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2023 S 31 ― 17.0 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 20729200 −1114.29 163.0 0.182 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 25 ― 17.0 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 20763700 −1117.09 171.8 0.316 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 34 ― 16.6 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 20803900 −1120.38 168.4 0.570 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 39 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 20824500 −1121.99 164.8 0.124 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2019 S 12 — 16.3 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 20895000 −1127.60 167.1 0.476 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2019 2023 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 47 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 20933100 −1130 147.4 0.523 Norse group (low-inclination) 2020 2026 Ashton et al.
LVII ‡Gerd /ˈjɛərð/ 15.9 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 20947500 −1131.91 174.4 0.517 Norse group (Phoebe) 2004 2019 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2019 S 13 — 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 20964500 −1133.27 177.3 0.318 Norse group (Phoebe) 2019 2023 Ashton et al.
‡S/2004 S 61 ― 16.3 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 20986900 −1135.06 168.4 0.466 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2025 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2006 S 14 — 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 21062300 −1141.27 166.7 0.060 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2006 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2023 S 40 ― 16.9 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 21065100 −1141.48 169.6 0.342 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
LXII ‡Gunnlod /ˈɡʊnlɒð/ 15.7 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.065 21141800 −1147.74 160.4 0.251 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2019 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2019 S 15 — 16.6 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 21191100 −1151.66 157.8 0.257 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2019 2023 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 6 — 16.6 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 21253300 −1156.81 166.9 0.480 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2023 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 26 ― 16.6 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 21264400 −1157.77 163.2 0.273 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 41 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 21286400 −1159.52 172.1 0.279 Norse group (Phoebe) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2004 S 7 — 15.5 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.065 21327600 −1162.93 164.8 0.511 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2005 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2006 S 3 — 15.7 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.065 21353100 −1165.02 156.1 0.432 Norse group (Kari) 2006 2006 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2005 S 5 — 16.4 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 21364900 −1165.96 169.5 0.588 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2005 2023 Sheppard et al.
LVI ‡Skrymir /ˈskrɪmɪər/ 15.5 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.065 21447400 −1172.72 175.6 0.437 Norse group (Phoebe) 2004 2019 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2023 S 33 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 21621900 −1187.07 155.8 0.665 Norse group (Kari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2006 S 16 — 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 21721200 −1195.13 164.1 0.204 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2006 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2023 S 49 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 21766500 −1198.99 171.7 0.026 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 30 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 21790700 −1201.02 154.2 0.601 Norse group (Kari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2006 S 15 — 16.2 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 21799600 −1201.69 161.1 0.117 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2006 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2020 S 27 ― 16.4 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 21802300 −1202.02 145.3 0.255 Norse group (low-inclination) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 42 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 21837000 −1204.81 166.7 0.059 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2004 S 28 — 15.8 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.065 21865900 −1207.18 167.9 0.159 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2019 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2020 S 32 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 21884100 −1208.85 169.1 0.502 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2006 S 28 ― 16.3 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 21955100 −1214.53 172.9 0.210 Norse group (Phoebe) 2006 2025 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2020 S 8 — 16.4 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 21967200 −1215.61 161.8 0.252 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2023 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 28 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 21993700 −1217.81 160.1 0.474 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
LXV ‡Alvaldi /ɔːlˈvɔːldi/ 15.6 ≈ 6 ≈ 0.065 21993800 −1217.80 177.4 0.238 Norse group (Phoebe) 2004 2019 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2019 S 38 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 21998400 −1218.27 163.0 0.399 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
XLV ‡Kari /ˈkɑːri/ 14.5 ≈ 6 ≈ 0.27 22032100 −1220.98 153.0 0.469 Norse group (Kari) 2006 2006 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2004 S 48 — 16.0 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 22137400 −1229.86 161.9 0.374 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2023 S 36 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 22230600 −1237.61 166.3 0.359 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
LXVI ‡Geirrod /ˈjeɪrɒd/ 15.9 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 22259400 −1240.05 154.4 0.539 Norse group (Kari) 2004 2019 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2023 S 35 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 22269700 −1240.76 168.5 0.151 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 29 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 22301400 −1243.45 169.1 0.047 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
XLI ‡Fenrir /ˈfɛnrɪər/ 15.8 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 22330800 −1245.92 164.5 0.137 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2005 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2004 S 50 — 16.4 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 22345000 −1247.19 164.0 0.450 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2006 S 17 — 16.0 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 22384200 −1250.46 168.7 0.425 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2006 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2004 S 49 — 16.0 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 22399400 −1251.68 159.8 0.453 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2020 S 34 ― 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 22435600 −1254.61 160.6 0.154 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 31 ― 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 22457300 −1256.50 163.8 0.238 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 43 ― 16.4 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 22563900 −1265.57 170.3 0.264 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2019 S 17 — 15.9 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 22722700 −1278.96 155.5 0.546 Norse group (Kari) 2019 2023 Ashton et al.
XLVIII ‡Surtur /ˈsɜːrtər/ 15.7 ≈ 6 ≈ 0.065 22748000 −1281.14 168.4 0.448 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2006 2006 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2023 S 52 ― 16.9 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 22754700 −1280 147.5 0.129 Norse group (low-inclination) 2023 2026 Ashton et al.
‡S/2006 S 18 — 16.1 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 22760600 −1282.09 169.5 0.131 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2006 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2020 S 36 ― 16.6 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 22806200 −1286.03 168.8 0.336 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
XLVI ‡Loge /ˈlɔɪ.eɪ/ 15.4 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.11 22919200 −1295.52 168.1 0.191 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2006 2006 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2020 S 33 ― 16.9 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 22922500 −1295.85 162.8 0.555 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
XIX ‡Ymir /ˈiːmɪər/ 12.2 ≈ 19 ≈ 5.6 22955600 −1298.68 172.3 0.338 Norse group (Phoebe) 2000 2000 Gladman et al.
‡S/2020 S 35 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 23030300 −1304.97 174.9 0.225 Norse group (Phoebe) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2019 S 19 — 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 23044400 −1306.16 151.8 0.458 Norse group (Kari) 2019 2023 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 51 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 23105400 −1310 161.5 0.182 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2026 Ashton et al.
‡S/2019 S 18 — 16.6 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 23139500 −1314.27 154.6 0.509 Norse group (Kari) 2019 2023 Ashton et al.
‡S/2004 S 21 — 16.2 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 23160900 −1316.12 153.2 0.394 Norse group (Kari) 2004 2019 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2004 S 39 — 16.1 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 23192400 −1318.74 165.9 0.100 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2019 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2019 S 16 — 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 23265200 −1324.95 162.0 0.250 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2019 2023 Ashton et al.
‡S/2004 S 53 — 16.2 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 23279800 −1326.18 162.6 0.240 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al.
♣S/2004 S 24 — 16.0 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 23338200 +1331.32 37.4 0.071 Gallic group[o] 2004 2019 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2004 S 36 — 16.2 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 23390800 −1335.80 153.3 0.625 Norse group (Kari) 2004 2019 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2023 S 45 ― 16.9 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 23438400 −1339.85 157.4 0.633 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
LXIII ‡Thiazzi /θiˈætsi/ 15.9 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 23577500 −1351.83 158.8 0.511 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2019 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2020 S 38 ― 16.1 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 23583900 −1352.43 159.7 0.513 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2019 S 20 — 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 23677900 −1360.47 156.0 0.354 Norse group (Kari) 2019 2023 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 37 ― 16.6 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 23751800 −1366.82 174.8 0.344 Norse group (Phoebe) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2019 S 39 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 23784500 −1369.64 174.5 0.098 Norse group (Phoebe) 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 40 ― 16.6 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 23785900 −1369.76 167.3 0.412 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2006 S 19 — 16.1 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 23800500 −1371.02 175.5 0.467 Norse group (Phoebe) 2006 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2019 S 40 ― 16.6 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 24087800 −1395.88 161.8 0.088 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2019 S 42 ― 15.9 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 24111600 −1397.98 163.2 0.121 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
LXIV ‡S/2004 S 34 — 16.1 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 24145800 −1400.93 168.3 0.279 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2019 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2020 S 45 ― 16.6 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 24181400 −1400 173.6 0.126 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2026 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 39 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 24262400 −1411.15 160.1 0.305 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2019 S 41 ― 16.9 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 24493600 −1431.30 157.1 0.257 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 46 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 24708900 −1450.27 143.2 0.336 Norse group (low-inclination) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
XLII ‡Fornjot /ˈfɔːrnjɒt/ 14.7 ≈ 6 ≈ 0.11 24936800 −1470.36 170.0 0.213 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2005 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2023 S 47 ― 17.0 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 25102300 −1485.04 162.5 0.101 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2004 S 51 — 16.1 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 25207100 −1494.41 171.2 0.201 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2006 S 29 ― 16.4 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 25212100 −1494.78 156.2 0.239 Norse group (Kari) 2006 2025 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2020 S 10 — 16.9 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 25315300 −1503.97 165.6 0.296 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2023 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 42 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 25329400 −1505.31 157.5 0.506 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 9 — 16.0 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 25408700 −1512.38 161.4 0.531 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2023 Ashton et al.
‡S/2023 S 5 ― 16.7 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 25583500 −1528.04 168.8 0.599 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2023 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 41 ― 16.6 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 25876400 −1554.40 160.2 0.402 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
LVIII ‡S/2004 S 26 — 15.7 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.065 26097500 −1574.25 172.9 0.147 Norse group (Phoebe)[m] 2004 2019 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2019 S 21 — 16.2 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.034 26439500 −1605.28 171.9 0.155 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2019 2023 Ashton et al.
‡S/2004 S 52 — 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 26446400 −1605.89 165.4 0.291 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al.
‡S/2020 S 43 ― 16.9 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 26657400 −1625.29 164.6 0.203 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2019 S 43 ― 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 26664100 −1625.90 165.3 0.277 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2019 S 44 ― 16.4 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 26796900 −1638.11 172.6 0.512 Norse group (Phoebe) 2019 2025 Ashton et al.
‡S/2020 S 44 ― 16.8 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.014 27259400 −1680.64 168.5 0.199 Norse group (Mundilfari) 2020 2025 Ashton et al.

Other objects

Ring moonlets

Also existing in Saturn's ring system are moonlets: objects generally too small to be treated as moons or directly imaged, and usually short-lived or transient bodies.

During late July 2009, a moonlet, S/2009 S 1, was discovered in the B Ring, 480 km from the outer edge of the ring, by the shadow it cast.[26] It is estimated to be 300 m in diameter. Unlike the A Ring moonlets, it does not induce a 'propeller' feature, probably due to the density of the B Ring.[106] Unlike most other objects referred to as 'moonlets', S/2009 S 1 is technically counted as a moon of Saturn, though it is almost never discussed in the same context as other inner moons.

In 2006, four tiny moonlets were found in Cassini images of the A Ring.[107] Before this discovery only two larger moons had been known within gaps in the A Ring, Pan and Daphnis, which are large enough to clear continuous gaps in the ring.[107] In contrast, a moonlet is only massive enough to clear two small—about 10 km across—partial gaps in the immediate vicinity of the moonlet itself creating a structure shaped like an airplane propeller.[108] The moonlets themselves are tiny, ranging from about 40 to 500 meters in diameter, and are too small to be seen directly.[10]

In 2007, the discovery of 150 more moonlets revealed that they (with the exception of two that have been seen outside the Encke gap) are confined to three narrow bands in the A Ring between 126,750 and 132,000 km from Saturn's center. Each band is about a thousand kilometers wide, which is less than 1% the width of Saturn's rings.[10] This region is relatively free from the disturbances caused by resonances with larger satellites,[10] although other areas of the A Ring without disturbances are apparently free of moonlets. The moonlets were probably formed from the breakup of a larger satellite.[108] It is estimated that the A Ring contains 7,000–8,000 propellers larger than 0.8 km in size and millions larger than 0.25 km.[10] In April 2014, NASA scientists reported the possible consolidation of a new moon within the A Ring, implying that Saturn's present moons may have formed in a similar process in the past when Saturn's ring system was much more massive.[27]

Similar moonlets may reside in the F Ring.[10] They have not been confirmed as solid bodies; it is not yet clear if these are real satellites or merely persistent clumps within the F Ring. There, "jets" of material may be due to collisions, initiated by perturbations from the nearby small moon Prometheus, of these moonlets with the core of the F Ring. One of the largest F Ring moonlets may be the as-yet unconfirmed object S/2004 S 6. The F Ring also contains transient "fans" which are thought to result from even smaller moonlets, about 1 km in diameter, orbiting near the F Ring core.[109]

The following is a table of selected moonlets observed by Cassini, including unconfirmed bodies.[21]

Name Image Diameter (km) Semi-major
axis (km) 		Orbital
period (d) 		Position Discovery year Status
A Ring moonlets[10] 0.04–0.4 ≈ 130000 ≈ +0.55 Three 1,000 km bands within A Ring 2006 —
S/2004 S 3 and S 4[56] ≈ 3–5 ≈ 140300 ≈ +0.619 uncertain objects around the F Ring 2004 Were undetected in thorough imaging of the region in November 2004, making their existence improbable. S/2004 S 4 was most likely a transient clump—it has not been recovered since the first sighting.[21]
S/2004 S 6[56] ≈ 3–5 ≈ 140130 +0.61801 2004 Consistently detected into 2005, may be surrounded by fine dust and have a very small physical core

Spurious

Two moons were claimed to be discovered by different astronomers but never seen again. Both moons were said to orbit between Titan and Hyperion.[110]

Hypothetical

In 2022, scientists of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology proposed the hypothetical former moon Chrysalis, using data from the Cassini–Huygens mission. Chrysalis would have orbited between Titan and Iapetus, but its orbit would have gradually become more eccentric until it was torn apart by Saturn. 99% of its mass would have been absorbed by Saturn, while the remaining 1% would have formed Saturn's rings.[111][112]

Temporary

Much like Jupiter, asteroids and comets will infrequently make close approaches to Saturn, even more infrequently becoming captured into orbit of the planet. The comet P/2020 F1 (Leonard) is calculated to have made a close approach of 978000±65000 km (608000±40000 mi) to Saturn on 8 May 1936, closer than the orbit of Titan to the planet, with an orbital eccentricity of only 1.098±0.007. The comet may have been orbiting Saturn prior to this as a temporary satellite, but difficulty modelling the non-gravitational forces makes whether or not it was indeed a temporary satellite uncertain.[113]

Other comets and asteroids may have temporarily orbited Saturn at some point, but none are presently known to have.

See also

Notes

  1. If assuming an albedo of 0.04, HV = 16.5 corresponds to a diameter of 3.3 km. The formula for the calculation can be found in absolute magnitude#Small Solar System bodies (H).
  2. The mass of the rings is about 0.40 times the mass of Mimas, whereas the combined mass of Janus, Hyperion and Phoebe—the most massive of the remaining moons—is about one-third. The total mass of the rings and small moons is around 5.5×1019 kg.
  3. The photometric color may be used as a proxy for the chemical composition of satellites' surfaces.
  4. A confirmed moon is given a permanent designation by the IAU consisting of a name and a Roman numeral.[44] The eight moons that were known before 1850 are numbered in order of their distance from Saturn; the rest are numbered in the order by which they received their permanent designations. Many small moons have not yet received a permanent designation.
  5. Absolute magnitudes of regular satellites are calculated from their mean diameters and geometric albedos given in NASA's Saturnian Satellite Fact Sheet.[53] Absolute magnitude estimates for some small inner moons are not available as they do not have measured geometric albedos. Absolute magnitudes of irregular satellites were taken from the Minor Planet Center's Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service.[100]
  6. The diameters and dimensions of the small inner moons, from Pan to Helene, are taken from Thomas et al., 2020, Table 1.[101] Diameters and dimensions of Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Iapetus, and Phoebe are from Thomas 2010, Table 1.[51] Diameters of Siarnaq and Albiorix are from Grav et al., 2015, Table 3.[95] The approximate sizes of all other irregular satellites are calculated from their absolute magnitudes with an assumed geometric albedo of 0.04, which is the average value for that population.[95] Calculations were made with NASA/JPL's Asteroid Size Estimator.[102]
  7. Masses of the large round moons, including Hyperion, Phoebe, and Helene, were taken from Jacobson et al., 2022, Table 5.[103] Masses of Atlas, Prometheus, Pandora, Epimetheus, and Janus were taken from Lainey et al., 2023, Table 1.[104] Masses of Pan, Daphnis, Aegaeon, Methone, and Pallene were taken from Thomas et al., 2020, Table 2.[101] Masses of other regular satellites were calculated by multiplying their volumes with an assumed density of 500 kg/m3 (0.5 g/cm3), while masses of irregular satellites were calculated with an assumed density of 1000 kg/m3 (1.0 g/cm3).
  8. Negative orbital periods indicate a retrograde orbit around Saturn (opposite to the planet's rotation). Orbital periods of irregular satellites may not directly correlate with their semi-major axes due to perturbations.
  9. Orbital inclinations of regular satellites and Phoebe are with respect to their Laplace planes. Orbital inclinations of irregular satellites are with respect to the ecliptic.[93]
  10. The irregular moons are categorized as described in Ashton et al., 2025a. Otherwise, for the 128 newly discovered satellites not included in the paper, they are sorted into their categories based on the inclination and semi-major axis criteria stated in Ashton et al., 2025a.[92]
  11. The moon has a similar inclination, but a significantly different semi-major axis. Therefore, it is uncertain whether it comes from the same parent body as the rest of the Inuit group.[92]
  12. This moon's inclination of 172.0° is at the exact boundary between the Phoebe (i > 172°) and Mundilfari subgroups (172° > i > 157°). Because neither group's range is inclusive of the boundary value, S/2006 S 22 has been arbitrarily assigned to the Phoebe subgroup.
  13. The moon has been identified as potentially belonging to the Mundilfari subgroup due to its inclination and semi-major axis.[92]
  14. Sheppard et al. suggested in 2023 that the moon's identification with the Gallic group is uncertain,[91] but a later study from Ashton et al considers it confidently Gallic and associated with Albiorix, unlike S/2004 S 24.[92]
  15. The moon has a similar inclination, but a significantly larger semi-major axis. Therefore, it is uncertain whether it comes from the same parent body as the rest of the Gallic group.[91][92]

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