A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system.[1] In a one-party state, all opposition parties are either outlawed or have limited and controlled participation in elections. The expression "de facto one-party" is sometimes used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike a one-party state, allows (at least nominally) multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power.[2]
Membership in the ruling party tends to be relatively small compared to the population.[3] Rather, they give out private goods to fellow elites to ensure continued support. One-party, compared to dominant-party dictatorships, structure themselves unlike democracies. They also turn into multi-party democracies at a lower rate than dominant-party dictatorships.[4] While one-party states prohibit opposition parties, some allow for independent candidates to stand for election in competition with party candidates. Therefore, they place elites and sympathetic candidates in key administrative races.[5] For example, the Chinese Communist Party exercises political control by infiltrating village administrations.[6] They view these positions as crucial for gathering information on the population and maintaining a presence in the far reaches of their borders.[7]
One-party states recognize the trade-off between election victory and gathering valuable data.[8] To account for this, the governments have been observed placing local nobility in easy-to-win races.[9] One-party states have also been observed using elections to ensure that only the most popular elites get chosen to office.[10] They also gather data from elections to indicate if a local official is performing poorly in the eyes of the residents.[10] This gives locals the opportunity to monitor local officials and communicate satisfaction with the local government.[10] Throughout the country, members of the one party hold key political positions.[4] In doing so, the party avoids committing outright fraud and rather sustains their power at the local level with strategic appointment of elites.[7] Data on one-party governments can be difficult to gather given their lack of transparency.[5]
Current one-party states
The following countries are legally constituted as one-party states:
| Country | Head of party | Leader title | Party | Ideology | Date of establishment | Duration | Constitutional basis | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China[11] | Xi Jinping | General Secretary | Chinese Communist Party | Socialism with Chinese characteristics Marxism-Leninism | 1 October 1949 | 76 years, 168 days | Article 1 of the Constitution: "Leadership by the Communist Party of China is the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics."[12] | Eight minor parties have legal status as part of the "united front" system, but their leadership is determined by the Chinese Communist Party's United Front Work Department[13] |
| Cuba[14] | Miguel Díaz-Canel | First Secretary | Communist Party of Cuba | Marxism–Leninism Castroism Guevarism Left-wing nationalism | 3 October 1965 | 64 years, 336 days | Article 5 of the Constitution: "The Communist Party of Cuba, unique, Martiano, Fidelista, and Marxist-Leninist, the organized vanguard of the Cuban nation, sustained in its democratic character as well as its permanent linkage to the people, is the superior driving force of the society and the State." | |
| Eritrea[15] | Isaias Afwerki | Chairperson | People's Front for Democracy and Justice | Eritrean nationalism Statism Left-wing nationalism | 16 February 1994 | 32 years, 30 days | ||
| Laos[16] | Thongloun Sisoulith | General Secretary | Lao People's Revolutionary Party | Kaysone Phomvihane Thought Marxism-Leninism | 2 December 1975 | 50 years, 106 days | Article 3 of the Constitution: "The rights of the multi-ethnic people to be the masters of the country are exercised and ensured through the functioning of the political system with the Lao People's Revolutionary Party as its leading nucleus." | |
| North Korea[17] | Kim Jong Un | General Secretary | Workers' Party of Korea | Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism Juche | 9 September 1948 | 77 years, 190 days | Article 11 of the Constitution: "The Democratic People's Republic of Korea shall conduct all activities under the leadership of the Workers' Party of Korea." | Two minor parties are legally recognised, but are under the control of the Workers' Party of Korea[18] |
| Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | Brahim Ghali | Secretary General | Polisario Front | Sahrawi nationalism Arab socialism | 27 February 1976 | 50 years, 19 days | Article 32 of the Constitution: "Until the complete recovery of national sovereignty, the Frente POLISARIO shall be the political framework that shall unite and mobilise politically the Sahrawis to express their aspirations and legitimate rights to self-determination and independence and to defend their national unity and complete the building of their independent Sahrawi State." | State with limited recognition, headquartered in Algeria |
| Vietnam[19] | Tô Lâm | General Secretary | Communist Party of Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh Thought Marxism-Leninism | 2 September 1945[note 1] | 80 years, 197 days | Article 4 of the Constitution: " Communist Party of Vietnam - the Vanguard of the working class, concurrently the vanguard of the labouring people and Vietnamese nation, faithfully representing the interests of the working class, labouring people and entire nation, and acting upon the Marxist-Leninist doctrine and Ho Chi Minh Thought, is the force leading the State and society." | Two minor parties, the Democratic Party of Vietnam and Socialist Party of Vietnam, had legal status within the Vietnam Fatherland Front until 1988. |
De facto one-party states
A de facto one-party system is one that, while not officially linking a single political party to governmental power, utilizes some means of political manipulation to ensure only one party stays in power.[23] Many different countries have been claimed to be de facto one-party states, with differing levels of agreement between scholars, although most agree that the African continent is marked by this political system.[24][25][26] Below are just a few examples of governments that have been claimed to have single party rule due to political manipulation.
| Country | Party | Date of establishment | Information |
|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | New Azerbaijan Party | 2010 | Although Azerbaijan is officially a constitutional democracy, and opposition parties remain active within the country, the New Azerbaijan Party and the ruling Aliyev family have maintained power uninterrupted since 1993. Founded by Heydar Aliyev, the former head of state of the Azerbaijan SSR, his son Ilham Aliyev has maintained the presidential position since 2003. Aliyev amended the Constitution to remove term limits in 2009, and while presidential elections are held, Aliyev consistently receives over 80% of the vote. Legislatively, the National Assembly has nominal powers under the Azerbaijan Constitution, but in practice power is heavily concentrated in the ruling party. Between 1993 and 2010, major opposition parties were allowed some representation in the Assembly in each election. However, since 2010, no opposition parties have held seats in the Assembly. There are nominal opposition parties and independents but they are supportive of the Aliyev regime.[27][28] Consequently, parliamentary elections are not considered free or fair.[29][28] |
| Cambodia | Cambodian People's Party | 2017 | While Cambodia is constitutionally a multi-party state,[30] the Cambodian People's Party dominates its political system, and the party dissolved its main opposition party in 2017, making Cambodia a de facto one-party state.[31] |
| Cameroon | Cameroon People's Democratic Movement | 1997 | Although multiparty elections have been held since 1992 and other parties have minimal legislative seats, the Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (RDPC), the ruling party since independence, has always retained control of the National Assembly. The Cameroonian political system invests overwhelming power in the hands of the President of the Republic, Paul Biya, and the RDPC exists essentially to support Biya and his policies. The RDPC has held supermajorities in the National Assembly since 2002, and in the Senate since its formation in 2013. |
| Equatorial Guinea | Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea | 2013 | Equatorial Guinea, historically a one party-state under the PDGE from 1987 to 1992, has one nominal opposition party with the Convergence for Social Democracy. However, the opposition held at most 2 seats in the Chamber of Deputies between 1999, and 2013, and has held no seats in either the Chamber of Deputies or the Senate since 2013. The PDGE, by comparison, has held all seats in the Senate since 2013 and in the Chamber of Deputies since 2022 (CPDS did not run any candidates in 2017). |
| Nicaragua | Sandinista National Liberation Front | 2021 | Although Nicaragua has been practicing multiparty elections since 1990, the country has become a de facto one-party state with Sandinista National Liberation Front as the sole dominating party and was consolidated after the 2021 Nicaraguan general election.[32] |
| Russia | United Russia | 2009 | As of 2009, United Russia won a majority of seats in almost every Russian municipality. Opposition candidates stated they were hindered from campaigning for the elections, and some were denied places on the ballot. There were allegations of widespread ballot stuffing and voter intimidation, as well as statistical analysis results supporting these accusations. |
| Rwanda | Rwandan Patriotic Front | 1994 | Although Rwanda nominally allows for multiparty elections, they are manipulated in various ways, including bans on opposition parties, arrests or assassinations of critics, and electoral fraud.[33][34] |
| Singapore | People's Action Party | 1959 | The People's Action Party (PAP) have ruled Singapore since its indepdence from the British Empire. While opposition parties do exist, most notable the Workers' Party, they consistently obtain very few seats. |
| Togo | Union for the Republic | 2024 | The official continuation of the Rally of the Togolese People, which ruled Togo as a one-party state under Gnassingbe Eyadema from 1967 to 1994, the Union for the Republic, has maintained power under Eyadema's son, Faure Gnassingbe, since its establishment in 2012. Although opposition parties exist within the country and other parties nominally hold seats in the National Assembly, the Union for the Republic has maintained an absolute majority since 2018 due to opposition boycotts while other represented parties only expedite the ruling party's legislation. This is demonstrated by the legislature's extension of Gnassingbe's term limit in 2019, extending it to 2030. With the 2024 Togolese parliamentary election, the UPLR received 108 seats out of 113, while also enabling Gnassingbe's revision of the Constitution switch from a semi-presidential system to a parliamentary one. With the parliamentary supermajority enabling Gnassingbe to become prime minister, the lack of term limits for the prime ministerial position, and the transformation of the presidency into a ceremonial figurehead, the party solidified Gnassingbe to rule for life like his father previously. |
| Venezuela[35] | United Socialist Party of Venezuela | 2017 | Since 2014, the country has been going through a period of crisis of legitimacy and exceptionality due to the order to close the National Assembly and the convocation of a Constituent Assembly by Nicolás Maduro on May 1, 2017, composed mostly of PSUV politicians. Since then, different laws have been approved to restrict political participation, including informal persecution and the disqualification of certain politicians (including complaints of electoral fraud), concluding in 2024, at which point, because of new laws, the majority of opposition politicians have been disqualified and their organizations banned, leaving only a controlled opposition.[36][37] |
| Uganda | National Resistance Movement | 1986 | Since assuming office in 1986 at the end of the Ugandan civil war, Yoweri Museveni has ruled Uganda as a dictator. Political parties were banned from 1986 to 2006 in the wake of the 2005 Ugandan multi-party referendum which was won by pro-democracy forces. Since 2006, Museveni has used legal means, patronage, and violence to maintain power.[38][39][40] |
Former one-party states
| Country | Party | Ideology | Date of establishment | Date of dissolution | Duration | Continent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republic of Afghanistan | National Revolutionary Party | Pashtun nationalism Pashtunization Republicanism Secularism | 14 February 1977[41][42] | 28 April 1978 | 1 year, 73 days | Asia |
| Democratic Republic of Afghanistan | People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan-Khalq | Communism Marxism–Leninism Stalinism Pashtun nationalism Anti-imperialism | 30 April 1978 | 24 December 1979 | 1 year, 238 days | Asia |
| Democratic Republic of Afghanistan/Republic of Afghanistan | People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan-Parcham (National Fatherland Front) | Communism (until 1990) Marxism–Leninism (until 1990) Afghan nationalism Anti-imperialism | 24 December 1979 | 28 July 1992 | 12 years, 217 days | Asia |
| Albanian Kingdom | Albanian Fascist Party | Albanian nationalism Greater Albania Fascism Italophilia Serbophobia Hellenophobia | 2 June 1939 | 27 July 1943 | 4 years, 55 days | Europe |
| Albanian Kingdom | Guard of Greater Albania | Albanian nationalism Fascism | 27 July 1943 | 8 September 1943 | 43 days | Europe |
| Albanian Kingdom | National Front | Albanian nationalism Greater Albania Anti-communism Republicanism Big tent Agrarian socialism | 14 September 1943 | 29 November 1943 | 76 days | Europe |
| Democratic Government of Albania | Party of Labour of Albania (National Liberation Movement) | Communism Marxism–Leninism Hoxhaism Anti-revisionism Albanian nationalism State atheism | 20 October 1944 | 5 August 1945 | 289 days | Europe |
| Democratic Government of Albania | Party of Labour of Albania (Democratic Front) | 5 August 1945 | 11 January 1946 | 159 days | Europe | |
| Albania | 11 January 1946 | 11 December 1990 | 44 years, 334 days | Europe | ||
| Algeria | National Liberation Front | Arab socialism Algerian nationalism Pan-Arabism Anti-imperialism | 3 July 1962 | 23 February 1989 | 26 years, 235 days | Africa |
| People's Republic of Angola | People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola | Communism Left-wing nationalism Marxism–Leninism | 11 November 1975 | 30 May 1991 | 15 years, 200 days | Africa |
| Armenia | Communist Party of Armenia | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 2 December 1920 | 30 December 1922 | 2 years, 28 days | Asia |
| Transcaucasia | Communist Party of Armenia | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 12 March 1922 | 30 December 1922 | 293 days | Asia |
| Federal State of Austria | Fatherland Front | Clerical fascism | 1 May 1934 | 13 March 1938 | 3 years, 316 days | Europe |
| Azerbaijan | Azerbaijan Communist Party | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 30 April 1920 | 30 December 1922 | 2 years, 244 days | Asia |
| Transcaucasia | Azerbaijan Communist Party | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 12 March 1922 | 30 December 1922 | 293 days | Asia |
| Bangladesh | Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League | Mujibism Bengali nationalism | 24 January 1975 | 15 August 1975 | 203 days | Asia |
| Bangladesh | Jatiya Party | Bangladeshi nationalism Conservatism Authoritarianism Militarism | 11 March 1988 | 6 December 1990 | 2 years, 270 days | Asia |
| Dahomey | Dahomeyan Democratic Party | African nationalism | 15 December 1963 | 4 December 1965 | 1 year, 354 days | Africa |
| Benin | People's Revolutionary Party of Benin | Communism Marxism–Leninism (nominally) | 30 November 1975 | 1 March 1990 | 14 years, 91 days | Africa |
| Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia | National Partnership | Collaborationism, Nazism | 6 April 1939 | 9 May 1945 | 6 years, 33 days | Europe |
| Bulgaria | Bulgarian Communist Party (Fatherland Front) | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 15 September 1946 | 15 January 1990 | 43 years, 122 days | Europe |
| State of Burma | Dobama Sinyetha Asi Ayon[43] | 1943 | 1944 | 1 year, 0 days | Asia | |
| State of Burma | Maha Bama Asi Ayon[44] | 1944 | 1945 | 1 year, 0 days | Asia | |
| Burma | Burma Socialist Programme Party | Burmese Way to Socialism | 2 March 1962 | 18 September 1988 | 26 years, 200 days | Asia |
| Republic of Burundi | Union for National Progress | Burundian nationalism Tutsi interests | 11 July 1974 | 13 March 1992 | 17 years, 246 days | Africa |
| Byelorussia | Communist Party of Byelorussia | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 31 July 1920 | 30 December 1922 | 2 years, 152 days | Europe |
| Cambodia (Sangkum era) | Sangkum | Khmer nationalism National conservatism Royalism Statism Buddhist socialism Economic nationalism | 22 March 1955 | 18 March 1970 | 14 years, 361 days | Asia |
| Kampuchea | Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party | Communism Socialism Marxism–Leninism Revisionism Left-wing nationalism | 7 January 1979 | 1 May 1989 | 10 years, 114 days | Asia |
| Republic of Cameroon | Cameroonian National Union | Big tent | 1 September 1966[45] | 24 March 1985 | 18 years, 204 days | Africa |
| Cameroon | Cameroon People's Democratic Movement | Big tent Nationalism Francophilia | 1975 | 1990 | 15 years, 0 days | Africa |
| Cape Verde | African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde | Communism Marxism–Leninism | 1 July 1975 | 20 January 1981 | 5 years, 203 days | Africa |
| Cape Verde | African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde | Communism Marxism–Leninism | 20 January 1981 | 28 September 1990 | 9 years, 251 days | Africa |
| Carpatho-Ukraine | Ukrainian National Union[46] | Nationalism[47] | 18 January 1939[48] | March 1939 | 60 days | Europe |
| Central African Republic | Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa | African nationalism Anti-colonialism Progressivism Anti-imperialism | 1962 | 1980 | 18 years, 0 days | Africa |
| Central African Republic | Central African Democratic Union | African nationalism Republicanism | 1 March 1980 | 2 September 1981 | 1 year, 185 days | Africa |
| Central African Republic | Central African Democratic Rally | African nationalism Democratic socialism Social democracy Republicanism | 6 February 1987 | 22 April 1991[49] | 4 years, 75 days | Africa |
| Chad | Chadian Progressive Party | African nationalism Pan-Africanism Anti-imperialism African socialism Federalism | 16 April 1962 | 6 April 1973 | 10 years, 355 days | Africa |
| Chad | National Movement for the Cultural and Social Revolution | African nationalism Pan-Africanism Anti-imperialism African socialism Federalism | 6 April 1973 | 13 April 1975 | 2 years, 7 days | Africa |
| Chad | National Union for Independence and Revolution | Nationalism | 24 June 1984 | 3 December 1990 | 6 years, 162 days | Africa |
| Guangzhou | Chinese Communist Party | Marxism–Leninism Mao Zedong Thought Chinese communism | 1927 | 1927 | Asia | |
| Hunan | Chinese Communist Party | Marxism–Leninism Mao Zedong Thought Chinese communism | 1927 | 1927 | Asia | |
| Jinggang | Chinese Communist Party | Marxism–Leninism Mao Zedong Thought Chinese communism | 1927 | 1928 | 1 year, 0 days | Asia |
| Southwest Jiangxi | Chinese Communist Party | Marxism–Leninism Mao Zedong Thought Chinese communism | 1930 | 1931 | 1 year, 0 days | Asia |
| Chinese Soviet Republic | Chinese Communist Party | Marxism–Leninism Mao Zedong Thought Chinese communism | 7 November 1931 | 22 September 1937 | 5 years, 319 days | Asia |
| Xinjiang | People's Anti-Imperialist Association | Six Great Policies | 1 August 1935 | 1 April 1942 | 6 years, 243 days | Asia |
| Republic of China[note 2]/Taiwan | Kuomintang | Tridemism | 1 July 1925 | 1 May 1991 | 62 years, 14 days | Asia |
| Yan'an | Chinese Communist Party | Marxism–Leninism Mao Zedong Thought Chinese communism | 1937 | 1949 | 12 years, 0 days | Asia |
| Comoros | Comorian Union for Progress | Nationalism | 1982 | 1990 | 8 years, 0 days | Africa |
| People's Republic of the Congo | Congolese Party of Labour | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 31 January 1969 | 18 March 1992 | 23 years, 47 days | Africa |
| Tinoquista Costa Rica | Peliquista Party | Nationalism Personalism Authoritarianism | 27 January 1917 | 12 August 1919 | 2 years, 197 days | North America |
| Czechoslovakia | Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (National Front) | Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism Husakism | 25 February 1948 | 30 November 1989 | 41 years, 278 days | Europe |
| Dahomey | Dahomeyan Unity Party | African nationalism Republicanism | 11 April 1961 | 13 November 1963 | 2 years, 216 days | Africa |
| Danzig | Nazi Party | Nazism | 21 October 1937[50][51] | 1 September 1939 | 1 year, 315 days | Europe |
| Djibouti | People's Rally for Progress | Issa interests | 1 October 1981 | 4 September 1992 | 10 years, 339 days | Africa |
| Dominican Republic | Dominican Party | Trujillism National conservatism Right-wing populism Antihaitianismo | 2 August 1931 | 28 December 1961 | 30 years, 148 days | North America |
| East Germany | Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Democratic Bloc) | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 7 October 1949 | 30 March 1950 | 174 days | Europe |
| Socialist Unity Party of Germany (National Front of the German Democratic Republic) | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 30 March 1950 | 1 December 1989 | 39 years, 246 days | Europe | |
| Egypt | Liberation Rally | Egyptian nationalism Pan-Arabism Socialism | 10 February 1953 | 1957 | 4 years, 0 days | Africa |
| National Union | Nasserism Pan-Arabism Socialism | 1957 | 1962 | 5 years, 0 days | Africa | |
| Arab Socialist Union | Arab nationalism Arab socialism Pan-Arabism Nasserism | 1961 | 1976 | 15 years, 0 days | Africa | |
| El Salvador | National Pro Patria Party | Fascism Anti-communism Conservatism Agrarian oligarchy | 1933 | 1944 | 11 years, 0 days | Central America |
| El Salvador | National Coalition Party | Nationalism Conservatism Militarism Protectionism | 1962 | 1979 | 17 years, 106 days | Central America |
| Equatorial Guinea | United National Workers' Party | African nationalism Personalism Anti-imperialism Anti-colonialism Anti-racism Pan-Africanism Anti-intellectualism Totalitarianism | 7 July 1970 | 25 August 1979 | 9 years, 49 days | Africa |
| Equatorial Guinea | Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea | African nationalism Militarism | 11 October 1987 | 16 November 1991 | 4 years, 36 days | Africa |
| Eritrea | Eritrean People's Liberation Front | Left-wing nationalism | 1991 (Provisional government) 1993 (Recognized state) | 16 February 1994 | 3 years, 0 days | Africa |
| Estonia | Russian Communist Party (Central Committee of the Estonian Sections) | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 29 November 1918 | 5 June 1919 | 188 days | Europe |
| Estonia | Patriotic League (National Front for the Implementation of the Constitution) | Estonian nationalism Personalism | 9 March 1935 | 21 July 1940 | 5 years, 134 days | Europe |
| Estonia | Communist Party of Estonia | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 21 July 1940 | 9 August 1940 | 19 days | Europe |
| Ethiopia | Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia | Communism Marxism–Leninism | 12 September 1984 | 22 February 1987 | 2 years, 163 days | Africa |
| Ethiopia | Workers' Party of Ethiopia | Communism Marxism–Leninism | 22 February 1987 | 28 April 1991 | 4 years, 65 days | Africa |
| Gabon | Gabonese Democratic Party | Conservatism | 12 March 1968 | 22 May 1990 | 22 years, 71 days | Africa |
| Georgia | Communist Party of Georgia | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 25 February 1921 | 30 December 1922 | 1 year, 308 days | Asia |
| Transcaucasia | Communist Party of Georgia | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 12 March 1922 | 30 December 1922 | 293 days | Asia |
| Nazi Germany | National Socialist German Workers' Party | Nazism | 14 July 1933 | 23 May 1945 | 11 years, 313 days | Europe |
| Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch Territories | National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands | Collaborationism, Dutch irredentism, Dutch nationalism and Nazism | 14 December 1941 | 6 May 1945 | 3 years, 143 days | Europe |
| Ghana | Convention People's Party | Nkrumaism African socialism African nationalism Pan-Africanism | 31 January 1964 | 24 February 1966 | 2 years, 24 days | Africa |
| Grenada | New Jewel Movement | Communism Marxism–Leninism | 13 March 1979 | 25 October 1983 | 4 years, 226 days | North America |
| Guatemala | Progressive Liberal Party | Ubicoism Liberalism Nationalism Anti-communism | 1931 | 1944 | Central America | |
| Guatemala | National Liberation Movement | Neo-fascism Ultraconservatism Anti-communism | 1954 | 1958 | Central America | |
| Guinea | Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally | African nationalism African socialism Pan-Africanism | 1960 | 1984 | Africa | |
| Guinea-Bissau | African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde | Communism Marxism–Leninism | 1974 | 1991 | Africa | |
| Haiti | National Unity Party | Black nationalism Haitian nationalism Right-wing populism Anti-communism Anti-Americanism | 14 June 1957 | 22 July 1985 | 28 years, 38 days | North America |
| Hawaii | Reform Party | Americanisation Annexationism | 4 July 1894 | 12 August 1898 | 4 years, 39 days | North America |
| Government of National Unity | Arrow Cross Party | Magyarism Fascism Collaborationism Agrarianism | 16 October 1944 | 7 May 1945 | 203 days | Europe |
| Hungary | Hungarian Working People's Party | Communism Marxism–Leninism Stalinism | 20 August 1949 | 31 October 1956 | 7 years, 72 days | Europe |
| Hungary | Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party | Communism Marxism–Leninism Kádárism | 4 November 1956 | 16 October 1989 | 32 years, 350 days | Europe |
| Indonesia | Indonesian National Party | Nationalism Marhaenism | 17 August 1945 | 3 November 1945 | 78 days | Asia |
| Imperial State of Iran | Rastakhiz Party | Monarchism Populism Secularism Democratic centralism Third Position | 2 March 1975 | 1 November 1978 | 3 years, 244 days | Asia |
| Iraq | Iraqi Arab Socialist Union | Arab nationalism Arab socialism Pan-Arabism Nasserism | 14 July 1964 | 17 July 1968 | 4 years, 3 days | Asia |
| Iraq | Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party | Saddamist Ba'athism Arab nationalism Arab socialism Pan-Arabism Militarism | 17 July 1968 | 9 April 2003 | 34 years, 266 days | Asia |
| Fascist Italy | National Fascist Party | Fascism Corporatism Ultranationalism Totalitarianism | 17 May 1928[52] | 27 July 1943 | Europe/Africa | |
| Italian Social Republic | Republican Fascist Party | Fascism Corporatism Ultranationalism Totalitarianism Antisemitism Collaborationism | 13 September 1943 | 14 February 1945 | Europe | |
| Ivory Coast | Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally | African nationalism Conservatism Populism Houphouëtism Pan-Africanism | 1960 | 1990 | Africa | |
| Empire of Japan | Imperial Rule Assistance Association | Shōwa statism Militarism | 1940 | 1945 | Asia | |
| Philippine Executive Commission | Association for Service to the New Philippines | Filipino nationalism National conservatism Fascism Japanophilia Collaborationism | 8 December 1942 | 14 October 1943 | 310 days | Asia |
| Kampuchea | Communist Party of Kampuchea | Communism Marxism–Leninism Agrarianism Autarky Khmer nationalism Ultranationalism | 17 April 1975 | 7 January 1979 | 2 years, 265 days | Asia |
| Kenya | Kenya African National Union | Kenyan nationalism Conservatism | 1969 (de facto) 1982 (de jure) | 1991 | Africa | |
| First Republic of Korea | Liberal Party | Ilminism Conservatism Korean nationalism | 17 December 1951 | 19 April 1960 | Asia | |
| Third Republic of Korea | Democratic Republican Party | Korean nationalism Conservatism Corporatism | 2 February 1963 | 12 December 1979 | Asia | |
| Fifth Republic of Korea | Democratic Justice Party | Conservatism Authoritarianism | 15 January 1981 | 16 December 1987 | Asia | |
| Independent State of Croatia | Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement | Croatian irredentism Croatian ultranationalism National conservatism Social conservatism Clerical fascism Fascist corporatism Political Catholicism Anti-communism | 10 April 1941 | 8 May 1945 | 4 years, 28 days | Europe |
| Latvia | Communist Party of Latvia | Communism Marxism–Leninism democratic centralism state socialism | 17 December 1918 | 13 January 1920 | 1 year, 27 days | Europe |
| Latvia | Communist Party of Latvia | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 21 July 1940 | 5 August 1940 | Europe | |
| Liberia | True Whig Party | Black conservatism Centralization Protectionism Whiggism (until 1940s) | 1878 | April 1980 | Africa | |
| Libya | Arab Socialist Union | Arab nationalism Arab socialism Pan-Arabism Nasserism | 1971 | 1977 | Africa | |
| Lithuania–Byelorussia | Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 17 February 1919 | 17 July 1919 | Europe | |
| Lithuania | Lithuanian Nationalist Union | Lithuanian nationalism National conservatism Social conservatism Fascist corporatism Anti-communism | 1926[53] | 1940 | 14 years | Europe |
| Lithuania | Communist Party of Lithuania | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 21 July 1940 | 3 August 1940 | Europe | |
| Democratic Republic of Madagascar | National Front for the Defense of the Revolution | Left-wing nationalism Scientific socialism | 1976 | 1989 | Africa | |
| Malawi | Malawi Congress Party | Ubuntu Conservatism African nationalism Anti-colonialism | 1964 | 1993 | Africa | |
| Mali | Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally | African nationalism Pan-Africanism African socialism | 1960 | 1968 | Africa | |
| Mali | Democratic Union of the Malian People | African socialism Democratic centralism | 1976 | 1991 | Africa | |
| Manchukuo | Concordia Association | Fascism Monarchism Manchurian nationalism Pan-Asianism | 1 April 1932[54] | 1 May 1945[54] | Asia | |
| Mauritania | Mauritanian People's Party | Nationalism Centralism Islamic socialism | 1961 | 1978 | Africa | |
| Mexico | Institutional Revolutionary Party | Revolutionary nationalism Big tent | 4 March 1929 | 2 July 2000 | 71 years, 120 days | North America |
| Mongolia | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party | Communism Marxism–Leninism | 1921 | 29 July 1990 | Asia | |
| Mozambique | FRELIMO | Marxism–Leninism | 25 June 1975 | 1 December 1990 | 15 years, 159 days | Africa |
| Niger | Nigerien Progressive Party – African Democratic Rally | African nationalism Pan-Africanism | 1960 | 1974 | Africa | |
| Niger | National Movement for the Development of Society | Conservatism | 1989 | 1991 | Africa | |
| Vietnam (partially) | Workers' Party of North Vietnam (League for the Independence of Vietnam) | Communism Marxism–Leninism Ho Chi Minh Thought | 2 September 1945 | 1946 | Asia | |
| North Vietnam | Workers' Party of North Vietnam (Vietnamese Fatherland Front) | Communism Marxism–Leninism Ho Chi Minh Thought | 1955 | 2 July 1976 | Asia | |
| North Yemen | General People's Congress | Yemeni nationalism Arab nationalism Pan-Arabism Big tent | 1982 | 1988 | Asia | |
| National Government | National Rally | Fascism Nazism Fascist corporatism Anti-communism Collaborationism | 25 September 1940 | 8 May 1945 | 4 years, 225 days | Europe |
| Ottoman Empire | Union and Progress Party[55] | İttihadism | 11 June 1913 | 1918 | Asia/Europe | |
| Paraguay | Colorado Party | Conservatism National conservatism | 1947 | 1962 | South America | |
| Persia | Communist Party of Persia | Communism Marxism–Leninism | 1920 | 1921 | Asia | |
| Republic of the Philippines | Association for Service to the New Philippines | Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Japanophilia, collaborationism | 14 October 1943 | 17 August 1945 | Asia | |
| Poland | Polish United Workers' Party (Front of National Unity) | Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 5 February 1947 | 20 July 1982 | Europe | |
| Poland | Polish United Workers' Party (Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth) | Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 20 July 1982 | 7 April 1989 | Europe | |
| Portugal | National Union | Salazarism corporatism Integralismo Lusitano | 30 July 1930[56] | 8 October 1945[56] | Europe | |
| Portugal | National Union | Salazarism corporatism Integralismo Lusitano | 31 January 1948[57] | September 1969[note 3] | Europe | |
| Portugal | People's National Action (formerly National Union) | Corporatism Integralismo Lusitano | 1970 | 25 April 1974 | Europe | |
| Romania | National Renaissance Front | Big tent Romanian nationalism Monarchism | 16 December 1938 | 6 September 1940 | Europe | |
| National Legionary State | Iron Guard | Legionarism Clerical fascism Christian nationalism | 6 September 1940 | 23 January 1941 | Europe | |
| Romania | Romanian Communist Party (People's Democratic Front) | Communism Marxism–Leninism | 5 February 1948 | 1968 | Europe | |
| Romania | Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity) | Communism Marxism–Leninism National Communism | 1968 | 1980 | Europe | |
| Romania | Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy) | Communism Marxism–Leninism National Communism | 1980 | 29 December 1989 | Europe | |
| Rwanda | Parmehutu | Hutu Power | 1965 | 1973 | Africa | |
| Rwanda | National Revolutionary Movement for Development | Hutu Power Ultranationalism Social conservatism Anti-communism | 1978 | 1991 | Africa | |
| San Marino | Sammarinese Fascist Party | Italian fascism Corporatism | 1926 | 1943 | Europe | |
| San Marino | Republican Fascist Party of San Marino | Italian fascism | 1943 | 1944 | Europe | |
| Senegal | Socialist Party of Senegal | African nationalism African socialism | 1966 | 1974 | Africa | |
| Seychelles | Seychelles People's Progressive Front | Communism Marxism-Leninism | 1979 | 1991 | Africa | |
| Sierra Leone | All People's Congress | African nationalism Democratic socialism | 1978 | 1991 | Africa | |
| Slovak Republic | Hlinka's Slovak People's Party – Party of Slovak National Unity | Clerical fascism Slovak nationalism | 14 March 1939 | 8 May 1945 | Europe | |
| Somalia | Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party | Islamic socialism Marxism–Leninism Pan-Somalism Scientific socialism Somali nationalism | July 1976 | 26 January 1991 | Africa | |
| People's Republic of Southern Yemen | National Liberation Front,
Yemeni Socialist Party | Arab nationalism Arab socialism | 30 November 1967 | 31 October 1978 | Asia | |
| People's Democratic Republic of Yemen | Yemeni Socialist Party | Communism Marxism–Leninism | 31 October 1978 | 22 May 1990 | Asia | |
| Democratic Republic of Yemen | Yemeni Socialist Party | Communism Marxism–Leninism | 21 May 1994 | 7 July 1994 | Asia | |
| Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic | Russian Communist Party | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 8 March 1918[58] | 30 December 1922 | 4 years, 297 days | Europe/Asia |
| Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic | Russian Social Democratic Labour Party | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 19 January 1918 | 8 March 1918[58] | 48 days | Europe/Asia |
| Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | Russian Communist Party | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 30 December 1922 | 31 December 1925[58] | 3 years, 1 day | Europe/Asia |
| Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | All-Union Communist Party | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism Stalinism | 31 December 1925[58] | 13 October 1952[58] | 26 years, 287 days | Europe/Asia |
| Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | Communist Party of the Soviet Union | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 13 October 1952[58] | 9 October 1990[59] | 37 years, 361 days | Europe/Asia |
| Kingdom of Spain | Patriotic Union | Spanish nationalism Political Catholicism Monarchism Conservatism | 1924 | 1930 | Europe | |
| Spanish State | FET y de las JONS | Francoism Falangism Spanish nationalism traditionalism National Catholicism anti-liberalism corporatism | 1 April 1939 | 6 July 1976[60] | Europe | |
| Democratic Republic of the Sudan | Sudanese Socialist Union | Arab nationalism Arab socialism Anti-communism | 1971 | 1985 | Africa | |
| Sudan | National Congress Party | Islamism Arab nationalism Salafism Social conservatism | 1989 | 2005 | Africa | |
| Syrian Republic | Arab Liberation Movement | Syrian nationalism Modernization Pro-Western | 1953 | 1954 | Asia | |
| Syrian Arab Republic | Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (National Progressive Front) | Neo-Ba'athism Pan-Arabism Arab nationalism Arab socialism Militarism | 8 March 1963 | 27 February 2012[61][62] 8 December 2024 (de-facto) [note 4][63] | Asia | |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party | Communism Marxism–Leninism | 1975 | 1990 | Africa | |
| Tanganyika | Tanganyika African National Union | African nationalism African socialism Ujamaa | 1961 | 1977 | Africa | |
| Tanzania | Chama Cha Mapinduzi | Ujamaa African socialism | 1977 | 1992 | Africa | |
| Togo | Party of Togolese Unity | African nationalism | 1962 | 1963 | Africa | |
| Togo | Rally of the Togolese People | African nationalism Right-wing populism | 1969 | 1991 | Africa | |
| Tunisia | Neo Destour | Tunisian nationalism Bourguibism Arab nationalism Secularism | 1963 | 1964 | Africa | |
| Tunisia | Socialist Destourian Party | Tunisian nationalism Secularism Bourguibism | 1964 | 1981 | Africa | |
| Turkey (one-party period) | Republican People's Party | Kemalism | 1923 | 1945 | Asia/Europe | |
| Turkmenistan | Democratic Party of Turkmenistan | Turkmen nationalism Secularism Social conservatism Catch-all party | 1992 | 2008 | Asia | |
| Tuva | Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 14 August 1921 | 11 October 1944 | Asia | |
| Uganda | Uganda People's Congress | Social democracy African nationalism Pan-Africanism | 1969 | 1971 | Africa | |
| Ukraine | Communist Party of Ukraine | Communism Marxism–Leninism Democratic centralism State socialism | 10 March 1919 | 30 December 1922 | Europe | |
| United Arab Republic | National Union | Arab nationalism Arab socialism Pan-Arabism | 1958 | 1961 | Africa | |
| Upper Volta | Voltaic Democratic Union-African Democratic Rally | African nationalism Pan-Africanism | 1960 | 1966 | Africa | |
| Yugoslavia | Yugoslav Radical Peasants' Democracy | Royalism Yugoslav nationalism Agrarianism Centralism Anti-liberalism | 1929 | 1931 | Europe | |
| Yugoslavia | League of Communists of Yugoslavia (Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia) | Marxism–Leninism Titoism Yugoslavism | 29 November 1945 | 22 January 1990 | Europe | |
| Zaire | Popular Movement of the Revolution | Mobutism Zairean nationalism Authenticité | 1970 | 1990 | Africa | |
| Zambia | United National Independence Party | African socialism African nationalism | 1972 | 1990 | Africa | |
| Zanzibar | Afro-Shirazi Party | African nationalism Marxism–Leninism | 1964 | 1977 | Africa |
See also
- Dominant-party system
- Ban on factions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- Multi-party system
- Outline of democracy
- Political factionalism
- Political organisation
- Two-party system
- Uniparty
- Unitary parliamentary republic
- Landslide victory
Notes
- Previously known as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 2 September 1945 to 25 April 1976.[20] Reunified with the Republic of South Vietnam on 2 July 1976.[21][22]
- The Republic of China controlled the mainland from 1912 to 1949 and the island of Taiwan since 1945, in which the ROC currently administers the Free area. This government served China in the United Nations from 1945 to 1971. See Political status of Taiwan and the One-China policy for various viewpoints.
- Following the appointment of Marcelo Caetano as Prime Minister in 1968, the opposition was allowed to run to the 1969 Portuguese legislative election, before being banned.
- While the 2012 constitution introduced by Bashar al-Assad theoretically enabled the establishment of political parties, Ba'athist Syria remained a de-facto one-party state with an extensive secret police apparatus that curtailed independent political activities.
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