Play-Doh

A container of green Play-Doh
TypeModelling clay
Invented byKay Zufall
Brian Joseph McVicker
Bill Rhodenbaugh
CompanyKutol
(1955)
Rainbow Crafts
(1956–1971)
Kenner
(1971–1991)
Hasbro
(since 1991)
CountryUnited States
Age range2+
Availability1956–present
SloganFun to play with, not to eat

Play-Doh, also known as Play-Dough, is a modeling compound for young children to make arts and crafts projects. The product was first manufactured in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, as a wallpaper cleaner in the 1930s.[1] Play-Doh was then reworked and marketed to Cincinnati schools in the mid-1950s. Play-Doh was demonstrated at an educational convention in 1956 and prominent department stores opened retail accounts.[2]

Advertisements promoting Play-Doh on influential children's television shows in 1957 furthered the product's sales.[1] Since its launch on the toy market in the mid-1950s, Play-Doh has generated a considerable amount of ancillary merchandise such as the Fun Factory.[3]

History

Origin

The non-toxic, non-staining, reusable modeling compound that came to be known as "Play-Doh" was a pliable, putty-like substance concocted by Noah McVicker of Cincinnati-based soap manufacturer Kutol Products. It was devised at the request of Kroger Grocery, which wanted a product that could clean coal residue from wallpaper from coal fired homes.[4]

Following World War II, the demand for wallpaper cleaning putty shrank substantially. The increasing popularity of natural gas in heating applications and corresponding reduction of coal use resulted in a decrease of indoor soot build-up in homes and businesses. The introduction of washable vinyl-based wallpaper further rendered many such specialized cleaning products unnecessary. McVicker's nephew, Joe McVicker, joined Kutol with the remit to save the company from bankruptcy. Joe McVicker was the brother-in-law of nursery school teacher Kay Zufall, who had seen a newspaper article about making art projects with the wallpaper cleaning putty.[5] Her students enjoyed it, and she persuaded Noah McVicker (who also sold the putty) and Joe McVicker to manufacture it as a child’s toy.[5] Zufall and her husband came up with the name Play-Doh; Joe McVicker and his uncle Noah had wanted to call it Rainbow Modeling Compound.[5]

Launch

Joe McVicker took Play-Doh to an educational convention for manufacturers of school supplies,[1] and Woodward & Lothrop, a department store in Washington, DC began selling the compound.[6] In 1956, the McVickers formed the Rainbow Crafts Company to make and sell Play-Doh.[7] Also in 1956, a three-pack of 7-ounce cans was added to the product line, and, after in-store demonstrations, Macy's of New York and Marshall Field's of Chicago opened retail accounts. In 1957, chemist Dr. Tien Liu reduced Play-Doh's salt content (thus allowing models to dry without losing their color), and Play-Doh ads were telecast on Captain Kangaroo, Ding Dong School, and Romper Room. In 1958, Play-Doh's sales reached nearly $3 million.[1] ($33.6 million as of November 2025)

Subsequent developments

In 1964, Play-Doh was exported to Britain, France, and Italy.[1] By 1965, Rainbow Crafts received a patent for Play-Doh.[8] Also in 1965, the food company General Mills bought Rainbow Crafts for $3 million.[1][6] In 1967, General Mills bought Kenner Products. In 1971, Rainbow Crafts and Kenner merged, and, in 1987, the Tonka Corporation bought the two. In the 1980s, its cardboard can (with a rust-prone metal bottom) was replaced with a more cost effective plastic container.[9] In 1991, Hasbro became the owner of Play-Doh, putting the compound under its Playskool brand, and continues to manufacture the product today.[1] In 1996, gold and silver were added to Play-Doh's palette to celebrate its 40th anniversary.[10]

More than two billion cans of Play-Doh were sold between 1955 and 2005,[1] and, in 2005, Play-Doh was being sold in 75 countries at 95 million cans a year.[1] In the United States, more than 6,000 stores carry Play-Doh.[11]

Play-Doh was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong in Rochester, New York, in 1998.[12]

In 2003, the Toy Industry Association placed Play-Doh into its "Century of Toys List", a roll call of the 100 most memorable and most creative toys of the twentieth century.[13]

In late 2014, the company offered to replace the "Play-Doh Cake Mountain" playset's extruder tool, for free, after receiving complaints about the tool's "phallic shape".[14]

Scent

To mark Play-Doh's fiftieth anniversary, Demeter Fragrance Library created a limited-edition fragrance inspired by Play-Doh's distinctive odor for "highly-creative people, who seek a whimsical scent reminiscent of their childhood."[2][15][16]

In 2018, Hasbro registered Play-Doh's signature scent with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. It's described as a "combination of a sweet, slightly musky, vanilla-like fragrance, with slight overtones of cherry, and the natural smell of a salted, wheat-based dough."[15][16]

Mascots

Play-Doh packaging was briefly illustrated with children in the mid-1950s, but replaced by the Play-Doh Pixie, an elf mascot which, in 1960, was superseded by Play-Doh Pete, a smock and beret-wearing cartoonish boy.[1][17] By 1992, Play Doh Pete's beret was recolored in blue, and his eyes were given a more human look. Later in 2000, Play-Doh Pete's beret was replaced with a baseball cap. Play-Doh Pete later retired and was removed in 2003, lasting for 42 years.[1] Since 2012, the Doh-Dohs are the mascots.[18]

Manufacturing

From its launch in 1955 to 2004, the manufacturing of Play-Doh took place in the United States. In 2004, Hasbro ended the production of Play-Doh in East Longmeadow, Massachusetts, shifting production to China and Turkey. After a 14-year hiatus, some Play-Doh manufacturing was returned to East Longmeadow in 2018 as part of a partnership with Cartamundi of Belgium.[19]

Ingredients

Play-Doh's current manufacturer, Hasbro, says the compound is primarily a mixture of water, salt, and flour,[2] while its 2004 United States patent indicates it is composed of water, a starch-based binder, a retrogradation inhibitor, salt, lubricant, surfactant, preservative, hardener, humectant, fragrance, and color.[20]

A petroleum additive gives the compound a smooth feel, and borax prevents mold from developing.[3] Play-Doh contains wheat and may cause allergic reactions in people who are allergic to wheat gluten. It is not intended to be eaten.[21]

In 1960, the Play-Doh Fun Factory (a toy press that extrudes the compound in various shapes) was invented by Bob Boggild and Bill Dale.[1] The Play-Doh Fuzzy Pumper Barber & Beauty Shop of 1977 and Mop Top Hair Shop of 1986 featured a figurine whose extruded "hair" could be styled.

In 1995, an educational software CD-ROM game, Play-Doh Creations was released.

In 2003, the Play-Doh Creativity Table was sold. Play-Doh related merchandise introduced during the 2007 anniversary year included the Play-Doh Birthday Bucket, the Play-Doh Fifty Colors Pack, the Fuzzy Pumper Crazy Cuts (a reworking of the 1977 Fuzzy Pumper Barber & Beauty Shop), and the Play-Doh Creativity Center.[3] In 2012, "Play-Doh Plus" was introduced. It is lighter, more pliable, and softer than regular Play-Doh.

Other media

Film

On April 2, 2015, 20th Century Fox announced work on a film adaptation with Hasbro Studios along with its subsidiary company Allspark Pictures and Chernin Entertainment producing, Jason Micallef writing, and Paul Feig directing from his production company Feigco.[22] The film was eventually cancelled and rejected after the acquisition of Fox's parent company 21st Century Fox by The Walt Disney Company.

On March 17, 2022, it was announced that a new animated film adaptation is in development at Entertainment One and its parent company Hasbro, Emily V. Gordon writing and Jon M. Chu producing and possibly directing.[23][24]

Series

A game show adaptation produced by Hasbro's former entertainment division Entertainment One started streaming on Amazon Freevee (then known as IMDb TV) initially as a one-off holiday special on December 10, 2021 and later as a full-length series on November 11, 2022. It is hosted by Sarah Hyland.[25][26]

See also

References

  1. Walsh, Tim (2005). "Play-doh". Timeless Toys: Classic Toys and the Playmakers Who Created Them. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Publishing. pp. 115–120. ISBN 978-0-7407-5571-2. Archived from the original on July 31, 2023.
  2. Wilson, Tracy V. (July 19, 2000). "How Play-Doh Modeling Compound Works". How Stuff Works. Archived from the original on June 19, 2017.
  3. Sobey, Edwin J.C.; Woody Sobey (2008). The Way Toys Work: The Science Behind the Magic 8 Ball, Etch A Sketch, Boomerang, and More. Chicago Review Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-55652-745-6. Archived from the original on July 31, 2023.
  4. "Accidental Brands" Archived 2012-08-15 at the Wayback Machine, from Under the Influence, by Terry O'Reilly, on CBC.ca; first broadcast March 17, 2012
  5. Greg Hatala (January 28, 2014). "Made in Jersey: Play-Doh is a Dover teacher's handiwork". NJ.com, The Star-Ledger. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016.
  6. "Rainbow Crafts Company, Inc". Ohio History Central. July 28, 2006. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015.
  7. Phil Ament. "Play-Doh History – Invention of Play-Doh". Ideafinder.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011.
  8. Noah W. McVicker and Joseph S. McVicker, "Plastic modeling composition of a soft, pliable working consistency," Archived 2017-12-30 at the Wayback Machine U.S. patent no. 3,167,440 (filed: May 17, 1960; issued: January 26, 1965).
  9. "The 50 Year History of Play-Doh". 2006. Archived from the original on May 15, 2006.
  10. Rrodriguez, Paul (May 2, 2006). "Happy 50th, Play-Doh". Orange County Register. Orange County, CA, US.
  11. "HowStuffWorks "How Play-Doh Modeling Compound Works"". July 19, 2000. Archived from the original on June 19, 2017.
  12. "Inducted Toys: Play-Doh". The Strong National Museum of Play.
  13. "Century of Toys list probably won't stand the test of time". The Morning Call. Allentown, PA, US. December 27, 2005.
  14. Respers France, Lisa (December 31, 2014). "Play-Doh will exchange phallic-shaped toy". CNN.com. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015.
  15. Siegel, Rachel (May 24, 2018). "Remember how Play-Doh smells? U.S. trademark officials get it". Washington Post.
  16. Kooser, Amanda (May 18, 2018). "Hasbro just trademarked Play-Doh's smell. Oh, the memories Just sniff. Don't eat". CNET.
  17. "Whatever Happened to Play-Doh Pete?". March 26, 2018. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020.
  18. Corday, Karen (March 7, 2022). "What Happened To Play-Doh?". Grunge.com.
  19. "Play-Doh factory in Mass. on track for production". The Business Journal (Boston). April 24, 2018.
  20. "Google Patents". Archived from the original on September 11, 2014.
  21. "FAQ". Play-Doh. Archived from the original on November 11, 2018.
  22. Fleming, Mike Jr. (April 2, 2015). "Fox Molding 'Play-Doh' Film With Paul Feig Circling; Another Hasbro Toy Brand Making Movie Transfer". Deadline. Archived from the original on January 9, 2020.
  23. D'Alessandro, Anthony (March 17, 2022). "'Play-Doh': Emily V. Gordon To Write, Jon M. Chu Circling To Direct Animated Pic For eOne & Hasbro About Colorful Clay". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on March 17, 2022.
  24. Jackson, Angelique (March 17, 2022). "Play-Doh Animated Movie in the Works from Emily V. Gordon and Jon M. Chu". Variety. Archived from the original on March 17, 2022.
  25. "IMDb TV Celebrates the Holiday Season with Play-Doh Squished, Premiering December 10 |". Archived from the original on November 17, 2022.
  26. "When will Play-Doh Squished 2022 premiere on Amazon Freevee? Sarah Hyland is the host and more". Archived from the original on November 17, 2022.
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