When describing popular music artists, honorific nicknames are used, most often in the media or by fans, to indicate the significance of an artist, and are often religious, familial, or most frequently royal and aristocratic titles, used metaphorically. Honorific nicknames were used in classical music in Europe even in the early 19th century, with figures such as Mozart being called "The father of modern piano music" and Bach "The father of modern music".[1] They were also particularly prominent in African-American culture in the post-Civil War era, perhaps as a means of conferring status that had been negated by slavery,[2] and as a result entered early jazz and blues music, including figures such as Duke Ellington and Count Basie.[3]

In U.S. culture, despite its republican constitution and ideology,[4] royalist honorific nicknames have been used to describe leading figures in various areas of activity, such as industry, commerce, sports, and the media; father or mother have been used for innovators, and royal titles such as king and queen for dominant figures in a field.[5][6] In the 1930s and 1940s, as jazz and swing music were gaining popularity, it was the more commercially successful white artists Paul Whiteman and Benny Goodman who became known as "the King of Jazz" and "the King of Swing" respectively, despite there being more highly regarded contemporary African-American artists.[7]

These patterns of naming were transferred to rock and roll when it emerged in the 1950s. There was a series of attempts to find—and a number of claimants to be—the "King of Rock 'n' Roll", a title that became most associated with Elvis Presley.[8] This has been characterized as part of a process of the appropriation of credit for innovation of the then-new music by a white establishment.[9] Different honorifics have been taken or given for other leading figures in the genre, such as "the Architect of Rock and Roll", by Little Richard from the 1990s;[10] this term, like many, is also used for other important figures, in this case including pioneer electric guitarist Les Paul.[11]

Similar honorific nicknames have been given in other genres, including Aretha Franklin, who was crowned the "Queen of Soul" on stage by disk jockey Pervis Spann in 1968.[12] Michael Jackson and Madonna have been closely associated with the terms "King of Pop" and "Queen of Pop" since the 1980s.[13][14][15] Some nicknames have been strongly promulgated and contested by various artists,[16] and occasionally disowned or played down by their subjects.[17] Some notable honorific nicknames are in general usage and commonly identified with particular individuals.

Individual titles

A

Artist Title Country Ref.
Aaliyah Princess of R&B United States [18][19]
Queen of Urban Pop [20]
Lee Aaron Metal Queen Canada [21][22]
Abrar-ul-Haq King of Pakistani Pop Pakistan [23]
Christina Aguilera Voice of a Generation United States [24]
Nancy Ajram Queen of Arab Pop Lebanon [25]
Sezen Aksu Queen of Turkish Pop Turkey [26]
Rauw Alejandro King of Modern Reggaeton Puerto Rico (US) [27]
A-Mei Queen of Mandopop Taiwan [28][29]
Anna Carina Queen of Peruvian Pop Peru [30]
Namie Amuro Queen of J-pop Japan [31]
Aurora Fairy of Pop Norway [32]
Louis Armstrong King of Jazz United States [33]
Maki Asakawa Queen of the Underground Japan [34]
Noriko Awaya Queen of Blues Japan [35]

B

Artist Title Country Ref.
Erykah Badu Queen of Neo-Soul United States [36]
Bad Bunny King of Latin Trap Puerto Rico (US) [37][38]
Đorđe Balašević Panonian Sailor Yugoslavia/Serbia [39][40][41]
J Balvin Prince of Reggaeton Colombia [42][43]
Šaban Bajramović King of Romani Music Yugoslavia/Serbia [44][45]
Harry Belafonte King of Calypso United States [46][47]
Mordechai Ben David King of Jewish Music United States [48]
Chuck Berry King of Rock and Roll United States [49]
Father of Rock and Roll [50]
Beyoncé Queen Bey or Queen B United States [51]
Justin Bieber Prince of Pop Canada [52]
King of Teen Pop [53]
Věra Bílá Queen of Romany Czech Republic [54]
Biz Markie Clown Prince of Hip Hop United States [55][56][57]
Björk Queen of Experimental Pop Iceland [58]
Mary J. Blige Queen of Hip Hop Soul United States [59][60]
BoA Queen of K-pop South Korea [61][62]
David Bowie Chameleon of Rock United Kingdom [63]
Brandy The Vocal Bible United States [64][65]
Julio Brito The melodic painter of Cuba Cuba [66]
Arthur Brown The God of Hellfire United Kingdom [67]
Chris Brown King of R&B United States [68]
Chuck Brown Godfather of Go-Go United States [69]
Dennis Brown Crown Prince of Reggae Jamaica [70][71]
James Brown Godfather of Soul United States [72][73]
Solomon Burke King of Rock 'n' Soul United States [74]
Michael Bublé King of Christmas Canada [75]

C

Artist Title Country Ref.
Montserrat Caballé La Superba (The Superb One) Spain [76]
Clarence Wijewardena Father of Sinhala Pop Sri Lanka [77]
Maria Callas La Divina (The Divine One) Italy/Greece [78]
Laura Canales Queen of Tejano United States [79]
Mariah Carey Songbird Supreme United States [80][81]
Queen of Christmas [82]
Doja Cat Queen of Pop-Rap United States [83]
Ceca Serbian Mother Serbia [84]
Cher Goddess of Pop United States [85][86]
Sammi Cheng Cantopop queen Hong Kong [87]
KTV queen / Karaoke queen [88]
Clifton Chenier King of Zydeco United States [89]
Jacky Cheung God of Songs Hong Kong [90]
Jay Chou King of Mandopop Taiwan [91]
George Clinton Godfather of Funk United States [92]
King of Funk [93]
Keyshia Cole Princess of Hip Hop Soul United States [94]
Alice Cooper Godfather of Shock Rock United States [95]
Pilita Corrales Asia's Queen of Songs Philippines [96][97]
Celia Cruz Queen of Salsa Cuba [98]
Miley Cyrus Teen Queen United States [99]

D

Artist Title Country Ref.
Diomedes Díaz King of Vallenato Colombia [100]
Celine Dion Queen of Power Ballads Canada [101]
Queen of Adult Contemporary [102]
Fats Domino King of Rock and Roll United States [103]
Morris Dorley Godfather of Liberian Music Liberia [104]
Doro Metal Queen Germany [105][106]
Thomas A. Dorsey Father of Gospel Music United States [107]
Rocío Dúrcal Queen of Ranchera Spain [108]
Dino Dvornik King of Funk Yugoslavia/Croatia [109]
Bob Dylan Crown Prince of Folk United States [110][111]
King of Folk [112][113]

E

Artist Title Country Ref.
Missy Elliott Queen of Hip Hop United States [114]
Queen of Rap [115]
Eminem King of Hip-Hop United States [116]
King of Rap [117]
Enya Queen of New Age Ireland [118]
Gloria Estefan Queen of Latin Pop Cuba/United States [119]
Elvy Sukaesih Queen of Dangdut Indonesia [120]

F

Artist Title Country Ref.
Helene Fischer Queen of Schlager (Schlagerkönigin) Germany [121]
Ella Fitzgerald First Lady of Song United States [122][123]
Queen of Jazz [124]
Renata Flores Queen of Quechua Pop Peru [125]
Queen of Quechua Rap [126]
Zucchero Fornaciari Father of Italian Blues Italy [127]
Stephen Foster Father of American Music United States [128]
Aretha Franklin Queen of Soul United States [129]
Alan Freed King of Rock and Roll United States [130]

G

Artist Title Country Ref.
Charly García Godfather of Argentine Rock Argentina [131]
Carlos Gardel King of Tango [132][133]
Lucho Gatica King of Bolero Chile [134]
Marvin Gaye Prince of Motown United States [135]
Prince of Soul [136]
Fatu Gayflor Golden Voice of Liberia Liberia [137]
Gloria Gaynor Queen of Disco United States [138]
G-Dragon King of K-pop South Korea [139]
Sarah Geronimo Popstar Princess Philippines [140]
Marika Gombitová Queen of Slovak Pop Music Slovakia [141]
Songstress of the 20th Century [142]
Benny Goodman King of Swing United States [143]
Vestal Goodman Queen of Gospel Music United States [144]
Narayan Gopal Emperor of Voice Nepal [145]
Karel Gott Golden Voice of Prague Czech Republic [146]
Ariana Grande Princess of Pop United States [147]
Amy Grant Queen of Christian Pop United States [148]
Olga Guillot Queen of Bolero Cuba [149]
Alejandra Guzmán Queen of Latin Rock Mexico [150]

H

Artist Title Country Ref.
Nina Hagen Godmother of Punk Germany [151]
Rob Halford Metal God United Kingdom [152]
Mari Hamada Queen of Heavy Metal Japan [153]
Ayumi Hamasaki Empress of J-pop Japan [154]
Queen of J-pop [155]
Mehdi Hassan Emperor of Ghazal Pakistan [156][157]
Nazia Hassan Queen of South Asian Pop Pakistan [158]
Hana Hegerová Queen of Czechoslovak Chanson Czech Republic/Slovakia [159]
Kiyoshi Hikawa Prince of the Enka World Japan [160]
Lauryn Hill Queen of Hip Hop United States [161][162]
Mitsuko Horie Queen of the Anison World Japan [163]
Whitney Houston The Voice United States [164]
Sam Hui God of Song Hong Kong [165][166]
Steve Hunter The Deacon United States [167]
Al Hurricane Godfather of New Mexico Music United States [168][169]

I

Artist Title Country Ref.
Enrique Iglesias King of Latin Pop Spain [170]
La India The Princess of Salsa Puerto Rico (US) [171]
Rhoma Irama King of Dangdut Indonesia [172]
IU Nation's Little Sister South Korea [173]
Ivy Queen Queen of Reggaetón United States [174][175]

J

Artist Title Country Ref.
Janet Jackson Queen of Pop United States [176]
Mahalia Jackson Queen of Gospel United States [177]
Michael Jackson King of Pop United States [178][179]
Wanda Jackson Queen of Rockabilly United States [180]
Jay R Philippines' King of R&B Philippines [181]
Jay-Z King of Rap United States [182]
Jaya Philippine Queen of Soul Philippines [183]
Noor Jehan Queen of Melody Pakistan [184]
Cui Jian Godfather of Chinese Rock China [185]
Joan Jett Godmother of Punk United States [186]
Robert Johnson Grandfather of Rock and Roll United States [187]
Sharon Jones Godmother of Soul United States [188]
Janis Joplin Queen of Rock and Roll United States [189][190]
Scott Joplin King of Ragtime United States [191]
Louis Jordan King of the Jukebox United States [192]
José José The Prince of Song Mexico [193]

K

Artist Title Country Ref.
Hironobu Kageyama Prince of the Anison World Japan [194]
Shizuko Kasagi Queen of Boogie Japan [195]
R. Kelly King of R&B United States [196]
King of Pop-Soul [197]
Alicia Keys Queen of R&B United States [203]
Khaled King of Raï Algeria [204]
Chaka Khan Queen of Funk United States [205]
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Emperor of Qawwali Pakistan [206]
B.B. King King of the Blues United States [207]
Gladys Knight Empress of Soul United States [208][209][210]
Frankie Knuckles Godfather of House United States [211]
Joseph Koo Godfather of Cantopop Hong Kong [212]
DJ Kool Herc Founder & Father of Hip Hop Jamaica/United States [213]
Alexis Korner Father of British Blues United Kingdom [214]
Fubuki Koshiji Queen of Chanson Japan [215]
Koda Kumi Queen of J-pop Japan [216]
Fela Kuti King of Afrobeat Nigeria [217]
Kygo King of Tropical House Norway [218]
Kyla Philippine Queen of R&B Philippines [219]

L

Artist Title Country Ref.
Patti LaBelle Godmother of Soul United States [220]
Lady Gaga Queen of Pop United States [221]
Lady Saw Queen of Dancehall Jamaica [222]
La Lupe Queen of Latin Soul Cuba [223][224]
Kendrick Lamar King Kendrick United States [225]
Franzl Lang Yodel King or Yodler King (der Jodlerkönig) Germany [226][227]
Avril Lavigne Queen of Pop Punk Canada [228][229]
Rita Lee Queen of Brazilian Rock Brazil [230]
Lil Jon King of Crunk United States [231]
Lil' Kim Queen of Rap United States [232]
Little Richard Architect of Rock and Roll United States [233]
Kenny Loggins King of the Movie Soundtrack United States [234][235]
Jennifer Lopez Queen of Dance United States [236]
Lorde Queen of Alternative New Zealand [237]
Lucero America's Girlfriend (La Novia de América) Mexico [238]
Vera Lynn Forces' Sweetheart United Kingdom [239][240]

M

Artist Title Country Ref.
Madonna Queen of Pop United States [241]
Jolina Magdangal Queen of Philippine Pop Culture Philippines [242]
Miriam Makeba Mama Africa South Africa [243]
Bob Marley King of Reggae Jamaica [244][245]
Bruno Mars Prince of Pop United States [246][247]
Ricky Martin King of Latin Pop Puerto Rico (US) [248]
John Mayall Godfather of British Blues United Kingdom [249]
Freddie Mercury The King of Queen United Kingdom [250]
Mighty Sparrow Calypso King of the World Trinidad and Tobago [251]
Luis Miguel El Sol de Mexico (The Sun of Mexico) Mexico [252][253]
Slađana Milošević Rock Princess Yugoslavia/Serbia [254]
Nicki Minaj Queen of Rap Trinidad and Tobago/United States [255]
Queen of Hip Hop [256]
Kylie Minogue Princess of Pop Australia [257]
Ichirō Mizuki Emperor of Anime Songs Japan [258][259]
Bill Monroe Father of Bluegrass United States [260]
Andy Montañez The Godfather of the Salsa Puerto Rico (US) [261]
Rudy Ray Moore Godfather of Rap United States [262]
Giorgio Moroder Father of Disco Italy [263]
Alanis Morissette Queen of Alt-Rock Angst Canada [264]
Anita Mui Queen of Cantopop Hong Kong [265][266]
Peter Murphy Godfather of Goth United Kingdom [267]

N

Artist Title Country Ref.
Nate Dogg King of Hooks United States [268][269]
Emilio Navaira King of Tejano United States [270]
Grant Nelson The Godfather of UK Garage United Kingdom [271][272]
Stevie Nicks Queen of Rock and Roll United States [273][274]
Nike Ardilla Lady Rocker Indonesia [275][276]
Maki Nomiya Queen of Shibuya-kei Japan [277]
The Notorious B.I.G. The King of New York United States [278][279]

O

Artist Title Country Ref.
Odetta Queen of American Folk Music United States [280]
Nobuyasu Okabayashi God of Folk Japan [281]
Don Omar King of Reggaeton Puerto Rico (US) [282]
Ozzy Osbourne Godfather of Heavy Metal United Kingdom [283]
Prince of Darkness [284]
Johnny Otis Godfather of Rhythm and Blues United States [285]
Ozuna New King of Reggaeton Puerto Rico (US) [286][287]

P

Artist Title Country Ref.
Kyary Pamyu Pamyu Princess of J-pop Japan [288][289]
Dolly Parton Queen of Country United States [290]
Abida Parveen Queen of Sufi Music Pakistan [291]
Charley Patton Father of the Delta Blues United States [292]
Peret King of Catalan Rumba Spain [293][294]
Katy Perry Queen of Camp United States [303]
Iggy Pop Godfather of Punk United States [304][305]
Elvis Presley King of Rock and Roll United States [306][8]
The King [307]
Lisa Marie Presley Princess of Rock and Roll United States [308]
Prince The Artist United States [309]
Alla Pugacheva Queen of Russian Pop Russia [310]

Q

Artist Title Country Ref.
Queen Latifah Queen of Rap, Hip Hop United States [311]
Milly Quezada Queen of Merengue Dominican Republic [312]
A.B. Quintanilla King of Cumbia United States [313][314]
[315][316]

R

Artist Title Country Ref.
Ma Rainey Mother of the Blues United States [317]
Joey Ramone Godfather of Punk United States [318][319]
Otis Redding King of Soul United States [320]
Lou Reed Godfather of Punk United States [321]
Esma Redžepova Queen of Gypsy Music North Macedonia [322]
Frank Reyes Prince of Bachata Dominican Republic [323]
Rihanna R&B Princess Barbados [324]
Teddy Riley King of New Jack Swing United States [325]
Jenni Rivera Diva de la Banda (Diva of Banda) United States [326][327][328]
Ross Robinson Godfather of Nu Metal United States [329]
Smokey Robinson King of Motown United States [330]
Sylvia Robinson Mother of Hip-Hop United States [331]
Jimmie Rodgers Father of Country Music United States [332]
Amália Rodrigues Queen of Fado Portugal [333]
Rossa Queen of Pop Indonesia Indonesia [334]
Ahmed Rushdi Magician of Voice Pakistan [335][336]
Paulina Rubio The Golden Girl Mexico [337]
RuPaul Queen of Drag United States [338]

S

Artist Title Country Ref.
Lea Salonga Pride of the Philippines Philippines [339]
Šaban Šaulić The King of Folk Yugoslavia/Serbia [340][341]
Gilberto Santa Rosa Gentleman of Salsa Puerto Rico (US) [342]
Tiwa Savage Queen of Afrobeats Nigeria [343]
Chuck Schuldiner Godfather of Death Metal United States [344]
Shirley Scott Queen of the Organ United States [345]
Gil Scott-Heron Godfather of Rap United States [262]
Jeannie Seely Miss Country Soul United States [346][347]
Raul Seixas Pai do Rock Brasileiro (Father of Brazilian Rock) Brazil [348]
Selena Queen of Tejano Music United States [349]
Queen of Cumbia / Queen of Kumbia [350][351]
Seo Taiji President of Culture South Korea [352]
Shakira Queen of Latin Music Colombia [353]
Ravi Shankar Godfather of World Music India [354]
Shin Joong-hyun Korea's Godfather of Rock South Korea [355]
Nina Simone High Priestess of Soul United States [356]
Frank Sinatra The Chairman of the Board United States [357]
The Voice [358]
Siti Nurhaliza Voice of Asia Malaysia [359]
Bessie Smith Empress of the Blues United States [356]
Patti Smith Godmother of Punk United States [360]
Javier Solís El Rey del Bolero Ranchero (The King of Bolero Ranchero) Mexico [361]
Britney Spears Princess of Pop United States [362][363]
Spice Queen of Dancehall Jamaica [364]
Bruce Springsteen The Boss United States [365]
Candi Staton First Lady of Southern Soul United States [366]
George Strait King of Country United States [367]
Johann Strauss II The Waltz King Austria [368][369]
Suraphol Sombatcharoen King of Luk Thung Thailand [370]
Morton Subotnick Godfather of Techno United States [371]
L. Subramaniam God of Indian Violin India [372]
Yma Sumac Queen of Exotica Peru [373]
Donna Summer Queen of Disco United States [362]
Joan Sutherland La Stupenda (The Stupendous One) Australia [374]
Taylor Swift America's Sweetheart United States [375]

T

Artist Title Country Ref.
Tarkan King of Turkish Pop Turkey [376]
Koko Taylor Queen of the Blues United States [377]
Teresa Teng Asia's Eternal Queen of Pop Taiwan [378][379][380]
Takeshi Terauchi God of Electric Guitar Japan [381][382]
Thalía Queen of Latin Pop Mexico [383]
Sister Rosetta Tharpe Godmother of Rock and Roll United States [384]
Irma Thomas Soul Queen of New Orleans United States [385]
Tiësto Godfather of EDM Netherlands [386]
Justin Timberlake Prince of Pop United States [387][388]
Gloria Trevi Mexican Pop Queen Mexico [389][390][391]
Jolin Tsai Queen of C-pop Taiwan [392]
Ike Turner Father of Rock and Roll United States [393][394]
Tina Turner Queen of Rock and Roll United States [362][395]
Shania Twain Queen of Country Pop Canada [396]
Tyla Queen of Popiano South Africa [397]
Mariya Takeuchi Queen of City Pop Japan [398]

U

Artist Title Country Ref.
Umm Kulthum The Voice of Egypt Egypt [399]
Uncle Waffles Princess of Amapiano South Africa [400][401]
Carrie Underwood Queen of Country United States [402][403]
Usher King of R&B United States [404][405]
Hikaru Utada Diva of the Heisei Period Japan [406]

V

Artist Title Country Ref.
Chavela Vargas Queen of Ranchera Mexico [407]
Dolores Vargas La Terremoto, Queen of Catalan Rumba Spain [408]
Luis Vargas The Supreme King of Bachata Dominican Republic [409]
Regine Velasquez Asia's Songbird Philippines [410]
Rui Veloso Father of Portuguese Rock Portugal [411]
Viguen King of Persian Pop Iran [412]

W

Artist Title Country Ref.
Kitty Wells Queen of Country Music United States [413][414]
Paul Whiteman King of Jazz United States [7][130]
Wiley Godfather of Grime United Kingdom [415]
Charlotte de Witte Queen of Techno Belgium [416]
Faye Wong Heavenly Queen (天后) China [417]
Tammy Wynette First Lady of Country United States [418][419]

X

Artist Title Country Ref.
Nikos Xilouris Archangel of Crete Greece [420][421][422]

Y

Artist Title Country Ref.
Daddy Yankee King of Reggaeton Puerto Rico (US) [423]
Tatsuro Yamashita King of City Pop Japan [424]
Neil Young Godfather of Grunge Canada/United States [425]

Z

Artist Title Country Ref.
Jane Zhang Dolphin Princess China [426]
Yatta Zoe Queen of Liberian Folk Liberia [427]

Group titles

Artist Title Country Ref.
2NE1 Queens of K-pop South Korea [428]
Aventura Kings of Modern Bachata Dominican Republic/United States [429][430]
The Beach Boys America's Band United States [431]
The Beatles The Fab Four United Kingdom [432][433]
Bee Gees Disco Kings [434]
BigBang Kings of K-pop South Korea [435]
Blackpink Queens of K-pop [436]
BTS Kings of K-pop [437]
Exo Nation's Pick [438]
Five Stairsteps First Family of Soul United States [439][440]
Girls' Generation Nation's Girl Group South Korea [441]
The Jackson 5 First Family of Soul United States [439]
Los Ángeles Azules Kings of Cumbia Mexico [442][443]
Shinee Princes of K-pop South Korea [444]
Super Junior King of Hallyu Wave [445]
Twice Nation's Girl Group [446]

Collective titles for multiple artists

Title Artists Country Ref.
The Belleville Three
The Godfathers of Techno 		Juan Atkins United States [447][448]
Derrick May
Kevin Saunderson
The "Big Four" of Britpop Oasis United Kingdom [449]
Blur
Suede
Pulp
The "Big Four" of Grunge Nirvana United States [450]
Alice in Chains
Pearl Jam
Soundgarden
The "Big Four" of Thrash Metal Metallica United States [451]
Slayer
Megadeth
Anthrax
The Emo Trinity My Chemical Romance United States [452]
Fall Out Boy
Panic! at the Disco
The Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost Buddy Holly United States [453]
Ritchie Valens
The Big Bopper
The Five Mighty Pop Divas of the Sixties Aretha Franklin United States [454]
Martha Reeves
Diana Ross
Dusty Springfield United Kingdom
Dionne Warwick United States
The Four Divas of Vietnam Mỹ Linh Vietnam [455]
Thanh Lam
Hồng Nhung
Trần Thu Hà
The Four Heavenly Kings of Chinese Pop Jacky Cheung Hong Kong [456]
Aaron Kwok
Leon Lai
Andy Lau
The Four Heavenly Kings of Visual Kei Fanatic Crisis Japan [457]
La'cryma Christi
Malice Mizer
Shazna
The Holy Trinity of Pop Michael Jackson United States [458]
Madonna
Prince
The Unholy Trinity of British Hard Rock and Heavy Metal Black Sabbath United Kingdom [459]
Deep Purple
Led Zeppelin
The Vocal Trinity Whitney Houston United States [460]
Mariah Carey
Celine Dion Canada
The Holy Trinity of R&B Rihanna Barbados [461][462]
Nicki Minaj Trinidad and Tobago
Beyoncé United States

See also

References

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  2. S. S. Walker, "What's in a name: Black awareness keeps the African tradition of 'meaningful names' alive" Archived July 13, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, Ebony, vol. 32 (8), (June 1977), pp. 74–8.
  3. D. Evans, "From Bumble Bee Slim to Black Boy Shine: Nicknames of Blues Singers" in D. Evans, ed., Ramblin' on my mind: new perspectives on the blues: African American music in global perspective (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008), pp. 179–222.
  4. S. Deger-Jalkotzy and I. S. Lemos, Ancient Greece: from the Mycenaean palaces to the age of Homer (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006), p. 272.
  5. M. Benoliel and Linda Cashdan, The Upper Hand: Winning Strategies from World-Class Negotiators (Adams Media, 2006), p. 26.
  6. B. G. Rader, Baseball: a history of America's game (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 3rd edn., 2008), p. 140.
  7. Y. Bynoe, Stand and deliver: political activism, leadership, and hip hop culture (Soft Skull Press, 2004), p. 155.
  8. M. T. Bertrand, Race, Rock, and Elvis: Music in American Life (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000), p. 220.
  9. G. B. Rodman, "A hero to most?; Elvis, myth and the politics of race", Cultural Studies vol. 8 (3), (1994), p. 474.
  10. J. Warner, On this day in black music history (Hal Leonard Corporation, 2006), p. 56,
  11. "Les Paul". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Museum. Archived from the original on March 17, 2010.
  12. A. Kempton, Boogaloo: the Quintessence of American Popular Music (University of Michigan Press, 2005), p. 58.
  13. Hawes, Alison (2014), Music and Fashion, Badger Learning, p. 23, ISBN 9781781477588, Many of the most successful pop artists of the Eighties were solo singers. Two of them, Michael Jackson and Madonna, were known as the King and Queen of Pop
  14. R Jones and S. Brown, Michael Jackson, the man behind the mask: an insider's story of the king of pop (Select Books, 2005), p. 49.
  15. Moran, Caitlin (April 22, 2008). "Madonna: more clout than the Beatles, all by herself ... and wearing heels". The Times. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. she has been referred to habitually as "the Queen of Pop" since the mid-Eighties
  16. "The 'Queen of Soul' is not happy about Grammy incident". NME News. Archived from the original on February 16, 2008.
  17. "What's in a nickname?". BBC Magazine. January 15, 2009. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009.
  18. "Overnight the unknown 14-year old became an international star. This earned her the nickname 'Princess of R&B'.", in W. Sutherland, Aaliyah Remembered (Trafford Publishing, 2005), p. 21.
  19. Mamo, Heran (December 17, 2021). "Aaliyah's 'Poison' Collab With The Weeknd Finally Arrives: Stream It Here". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 17, 2022. The Princess of R&B and the dark prince of R&B join forces on the track...
  20. Queen of Urban Pop:
  21. Dome, Malcolm (April 15, 2016). "Welcome Back: Lee Aaron – The Queen Of Metal Returns". Classic Rock. Future plc. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
  22. Savoie, April (July 3, 2019), "Lee Aaron Transitions Herself From Metal Queen to Mom to Classic Rocker", 519 Magazine
  23. "India Today International". India Today International. 25 (40–52). Living Media India Limited: 16. 2000. Archived from the original on February 29, 2024. King of Pakistani Pop Arad Al Hukh, whose first album sold 10 million copies
  24. Voice of a Generation:
  25. "23 years ago, the queen of Arab pop #NancyAjram debuted her first studio album". Spotify. Archived from the original on December 23, 2021.
  26. Pride, Dominic (May 23, 1998). "Global Music Pulse: Balkans". Billboard. p. 63. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023.
  27. Ruggieri, Melissa (May 15, 2022). "Brutally honest rankings of every Billboard Music Awards performance, including MGK, Travis Scott". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022.
  28. "Mandopop queen A-Mei dazzles Singapore crowd with 'Utopia 2.0 Carnival World Tour'". Archived from the original on October 5, 2021.
  29. "Mandopop diva A-Mei's Auckland one night stand". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021.
  30. Anna Carina:
  31. Namie Amuro as Queen of J-pop:
  32. Aurora:
  33. Reich, Howard (November 16, 2016). "Dr. John celebrates the king of jazz, Louis Armstrong at Orchestra Hall". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on November 17, 2016.
  34. Maki Asakawa:
  35. Noriko Awaya:
  36. Erykah Badu (Queen of Neo-Soul):
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  139. G-Dragon (King of K-pop):
  140. Sarah Geronimo (Popstar Princess):
  141. Marika Gombitova (Queen of Slovak Pop Music):
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  194. Hironobu Kageyama:
  195. Shizuko Kasagi:
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  205. "Famed as the lead singer with the 1970s funk group Rufus, Khan later became a solo artist and is widely acclaimed as the 'Queen of Funk'.", in African American History Day by Day: A Reference Guide to Events, Greenwood, 2012, ISBN 9781598843606, archived from the original on February 29, 2024
  206. Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan (Emperor of Qawwali):
  207. B.B. King:
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  208. Her string of hits since the early '60s as the Empress of Soul are known in the streets of Johannesburg and around the world. They include those she recorded with and without the Pips – such as "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" and "Neither One of Us." Phil Roura (September 26, 2010), "Knight on a Mission: Georgia's Soul Superstar Has New Orleans on Her Mind", Daily News, New York, p. 20
  209. McNulty, Bernadette (October 10, 2009), "Pop", The Daily Telegraph, p. 16, Gladys Knight technically supersedes them with her title 'Empress of Soul'. And rightly so: with her Pips she created solid Motown hits, followed by Seventies soul gems such as Midnight Train to Georgia and Help Me Make It Through the Night – sure to raise a tear on this farewell tour.
  210. At 65, the Empress of Soul is leaving on the Midnight Train to Georgia for the last time. Gladys Knight's "farewell tour" winds down a six-decade-long career that began with a talent contest at the age of seven. You can't blame her for wanting a rest, although, as one of the greats, she isn't bowing out quietly. For almost two hours, she conducts a "musical journey" that is both an emotional rollercoaster and a social history lesson.Dave Simpson (October 9, 2009), "Review: Pop: Gladys Knight Manchester Arena 4/5", The Guardian, p. 44, ISSN 0261-3077
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  212. Yvonne Teh. "the godfather of cantopop". bc magazine. Archived from the original on April 15, 2010. For Koo, who credits his music studies at Berklee with having an influence 'mainly on the theory and inspiration' of his musical arrangements, went on to make such a major impact on the local popular music scene that he was bestowed the title 'The Godfather of Cantopop'
  213. DJ Kool Herc:
  214. Alexis Korner (Father of British Blues):
  215. Fubuki Koshiji:
  216. "J-pop queen Koda Kumi delivers on first solo concert in Singapore". The Straits Times. July 19, 2015. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017.
  217. Fela Kuti (King of Afrobeat):
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  220. "Patti LaBelle Biography". Biography.com. Archived from the original on November 15, 2011.
  221. "Introducing the Queen of Pop". Rolling Stone. June 29, 2011. Archived from the original on November 26, 2011.
  222. Queen of Dancehall:
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  225. Kendrick Lamar:
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  228. Avril Lavigne:
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  230. Rita Lee:
  231. Lil Jon:
  232. Lil' Kim:
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  236. Jennifer Lopez:
  237. Lorde:
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  241. Madonna as the Queen of Pop:
  242. Jolina Magdangal:
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  249. John Mayall (Godfather of British Blues):
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  255. Nicki Minaj, queen of rap:
  256. Nicki Minaj, queen of hip hop:
  257. Kylie Minogue:
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  263. "This record was a collaboration between Philip Oakey, the big-voiced lead singer of the techno-pop band the Human League, and Giorgio Moroder, the Italian-born father of disco who spent the '80s writing synth-based pop and film music." Evan Cater. "Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder: Overview". AllMusic.
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  266. Anita Mui, or Mei Yanfang, known as the "ever-changing" queen of Cantopop. "ChinaBeat: Mei Yanfang", China Radio International webcast, January 6, 2008{{citation}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  267. Peter Murphy:
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  270. Hartman, Gary (2008), The history of Texas music, Texas A&M University Press, p. 52, ISBN 978-1-60344-002-8, Just as millions of fans considered Selena the 'queen' of Tejano music, her closest male counterpart, Emilio Navaira, has often been called the "king" of Tejano music.
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  273. Brackett, Donald (2007), Fleetwood Mac: 40 Years of Creative Chaos, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 159, ISBN 978-0-275-99338-2, with Rolling Stone magazine dubbing Nicks, 'The Reigning Queen of Rock and Roll'
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  277. Maki Nomiya:
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  281. Nobuyasu Okabayashi:
  282. Don Omar as King of Reggaeton:
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  284. Ozzy Osbourne as Prince of Darkness:
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  300. Newman, Scarlett (May 6, 2019). "Katy Perry Lit Up the Met Gala Dressed as a Chandelier". Teen Vogue. Katy Perry is a queen of camp, and this year she did not disappoint.
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  314. Maldonado, Paloma (September 19, 2022). "Así se ve el elenco de 'Selena' a 25 años de su estreno: una de las actrices falleció" [This is how the cast of 'Selena' looks 25 years after its premiere: one of the actresses died]. Univision (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 25, 2023. "El Rey de la Kumbia", A.B. Quintanilla, fue interpretado por Jacob Vargas en 'Selena'. En la película se pudo ver cómo era su relación con la cantante, además de su evolución profesional al ser integrante de la banda conformada por la familia Quintanilla. [“The King of Kumbia”, A.B. Quintanilla, was played by Jacob Vargas in 'Selena'. In the film it was possible to see what his relationship with the singer was like, in addition to his professional evolution as a member of the band made up of the Quintanilla family.]
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  352. President of Culture:
  353. Shakira (Queen of Latin Music):
  354. Ravi Shankar (Godfather of World Music):
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  357. "'He is the most imitated, most listened to, most recognized, voice of the second half of the twentieth century,' the New York disk jockey William B. Williams said in the fifties, tagging him forever with the epithet Chairman of the Board", in J. Lahr, Show and Tell: New Yorker Profiles (University of California Press, 2002), p. 52.
  358. Frank Sinatra (The Voice):
    • Batchelor, Bob (December 30, 2008). American Pop: Popular Culture Decade by Decade [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 218. ISBN 9780313364112. Sinatra...began to learn how to phrase lyrics in his own inimitable way...which would ultimately... earn the nickname "The Voice"
    • Shaw, Arnold (1984). Sinatra, the Entertainer. Delilah Books. p. 17. ISBN 9780933328433. On location for ANCHORS AWEIGH . Sinatra relaxes in chair imprinted with his nickname of the time , " The Voice . "
    • Kahn, Ely Jacques Jr. (1947). The Voice: The Story of an American Phenomenon. Harper. p. 104. ISBN 1127549952. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  359. "SACC showcase: Dato' Siti Nurhaliza and Krisdayanti". New Straits Times. April 10, 2010. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Dato' Siti Nurhaliza is a multiple-award winning Malaysian pop singer-songwriter who has garnered more than 100 local awards. Known as the Voice of Asia, Siti has recorded more than 30 albums including singles. She is also known to have the most number one singles than any other artist in Malaysia.
  360. "Patti Smith Looks Back On Life Before She Became The Godmother Of Punk". NPR. October 23, 2015.
  361. "Javier Solís, el famoso artista orgullosamente de Tacubaya". El Universal (in Spanish).
  362. "Some women have even been given titles. Tina Turner who is The Queen of Rock and Aretha Franklin, dubbed the Queen of Soul. Donna Summer is the Queen of Disco and Mary J. Blige is the Queen of Hip-Hop, Gloria Estefan is the Queen of Latin Pop, Madonna is the Queen of Pop, while Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera are the Princesses of Pop", in L. Bollinger and C. O'Neill, Women in Media Careers: Success Despite the Odds (University Press of America, 2008), p. 147.
  363. Often referred to in interviews, cover stories and promotional material as the new 'princess of pop'Susan Hopkins (2002), Girl heroes: The New Force In Popular Culture, University of Michigan Press, p. 60
  364. "The artists defining dancehall that you need to know". Anna Cafolla. Dazed. September 9, 2016. She's been in the game since she was 17, performing on local cable TV stations, and her debut EP So Mi Like It put Spice up on the pedestal she deserves as the contemporary queen of dancehall.
  365. Shuker, Roy (2001), Understanding Popular Music, Routledge, p. 123, ISBN 978-0-415-23509-9, Initially a cult figure, by 1985, 'The Boss', as he became known to his fans, was the world's most successful white rock star since Elvis.
  366. "How Sweet the Sound: The Amazing Grace Story". BBC. May 8, 2012.
  367. George Strait:
  368. "The Waltz King and the Land of Giants." Bill Morelock. August 9, 2005. Minnesota Public Radio.
  369. Fantel, Hans (1972). The Waltz Kings. William Morrow & Company. ISBN 978-0-688-00092-9.
  370. 5ราชาลูกทุ่ง...ไปก่อนกาล. Daily News (in Thai). June 11, 2015.
  371. Morton Subotnick:
  372. L. Subramaniam (God of Indian Violin):
  373. Yma Sumac:
  374. Joan Sutherland:
  375. Taylor Swift:
  376. Williamson, Nigel (January 20, 2000). "Global Music Pulse". Billboard. p. 65.
    • Huey, Steve. "Koko Taylor". AllMusic. Accurately dubbed "the Queen of Chicago blues" (and sometimes just the blues in general), Koko Taylor helped keep the tradition of big-voiced, brassy female blues belters alive,
    • "KOKO TAYLOR Biography". Alligator Records. On May 7, 2009, the critically acclaimed Taylor, known worldwide as the "Queen of the Blues," won her 29th Blues Music Award (for Traditional Female Blues Artist Of The Year), making her the recipient of more Blues Music Awards than any other artist.
    • Hautzinger, Daniel (September 28, 2018). "Happy 90th Birthday to the Queen of the Blues". PBS Chicago (WTTW). The "Queen of the Blues" would turn 90 today, were she still alive.
  378. Gomez, Jerome B. "This man has visited the graveyards of over 100 famous Filipinos". ABS-CBN. I've visited the grave of Asia's Eternal Queen of Pop in Taipei [Teresa Teng], for example, in 2018.
  379. "Tanks, propaganda and tourists: Welcome to Kinmen County, 'Taiwan's DMZ'". CNN. March 3, 2021. Decades ago, this sea-facing propaganda machine blasted songs by Taiwanese singer Teresa Teng -- Asia's late "eternal queen of pop" -- across a 10-kilometer stretch of sea, her music aimed at residents of the mainland Chinese city of Xiamen.
  380. "Video of man playing music to two geese at a park is blowing up the internet". Gulf Today. September 19, 2021. Among the songs he has played was the timeless classic "The Moon Represents My Heart" by Teresa Teng, referred to as "Asia's eternal queen of pop."
  381. Sadatsuka, Ryō (June 19, 2021). "「エレキの神様」寺内タケシさん死去 全国の高校も回る" [Takeshi Terauchi, the "God of Electric Guitar" who visited high schools across the country, passes away]. asahi.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on July 6, 2021.
  382. "寺内タケシてらうちたけし | ギタリスト" [Takeshi Terauchi | Guitarist]. NHK (in Japanese).
  383. Fabian, Renée (September 29, 2017). "Ricky Martin To Thalía: 5 Latin Autobiographies You Should Read". Grammy. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020.
  384. "Sister Rosetta Tharpe: The Godmother of Rock & Roll". pbs.org. 2015. Archived from the original on February 8, 2013.
  385. Widmer, Mary Lou (2000), New Orleans in the Sixties, Pelican Publishing Company, p. 86, ISBN 978-1-58980-620-7, Irma Thomas was then a young vocalist with a nice smile who would be known for the next thirty years as the Soul Queen of New Orleans
  387. Goodwin, Clayton (May 2, 2007), "Win The last tickets to see Justin", Daily Record, p. 15, Prince of Pop Justin Timberlake strolls into town this week for three incredible dates at the SECC as part of his 2007 FutureSex/ Love Show – and you can be there, courtesy of our friends at Sony Ericsson and Vodafone.
  388. "Justin Timberlake Performing at VMAs, Getting Vanguard Award". Rolling Stone. August 15, 2013. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015.
  389. Exposito, Suzy (September 13, 2019). "Gloria Trevi, Karol G Talk Gold-Certified Hit, Joint U.S. Tour". Rolling Stone.
  390. "The 10 best things we saw at Bésame Mucho". Los Angeles Times. December 4, 2023.
  391. TIME (July 22, 2002). "Person of the Week". TIME.
  392. "Jolin Tsai and Namie Amuro give electrifying performance!". AsianPopNews.com. May 26, 2015.
  393. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (December 13, 2007). "In Tribute: Ike Turner". AllMusic. Ike Turner is one of the few men that could credibly be called the father of rock & roll, revving up the rhythms behind the blues and cranking his guitar so it crackled.
  394. Ayres, Chris (December 13, 2007). "Ike Turner, Father of Rock 'n' Roll, Dies Aged 76". The Times. London. p. 41.
    • Collins, Nancy (October 23, 1986). "Tina Turner: Queen of Rock & Roll". Rolling Stone. October 23, 1986. Archived from the original on November 13, 2015. In a business known for its exploitation of women, Tina Turner has managed, for over twenty years, to retain not only the adoration of her fans but the admiration of her peer group, male and female. She is nothing if not a survivor.
    • Cosgrove, Ben (November 10, 2014). "Tina Turner: Unpublished Photos of the Queen of Rock 'n' Roll". Time. November 10, 2014. Archived from the original on January 17, 2015. Some performers are so intense, so inimitable, that trying capture their appeal in mere words is the proverbial exercise in futility. For example, David Bowie probably came closest to summing up Tina Turner's fiery, un-sum-up-able persona when he famously said, after joining her onstage in Birmingham, England, during the final concert of her 1985 British tour: "Standing up there next to her was the hottest place in the universe."
    • Sottile, Zoe (October 15, 2022). "The queen of rock and roll is now a Barbie". CNN.
  396. Vinson, Christina (July 9, 2014). "Shania Twain 'Looking at Dates' for Tour". Taste of Country. The singer — dubbed Queen of Country-Pop and a Caesars Palace staple for years now — has made some exciting progress in the touring and new music realm.
  398. Balfe, Patrick (November 28, 2023). "Japanese Icons - The King and Queen of City Pop". Rolling Stone Australia. Archived from the original on March 18, 2025.
  400. Mamo, Heran (March 31, 2023). "Meet Uncle Waffles, the Artist Bringing the South African Amapiano Genre to Coachella". Billboard.
  401. Aklilu, Rahel (April 11, 2022). "Uncle Waffles, Amapiano Princess, On Her Rise To DJ Superstardom". Complex. Archived from the original on October 28, 2022.
  402. "Carrie Underwood reigns as queen of country at CMT Awards". AXS. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016.
  403. "21 Reasons Why Carrie Underwood is the Undeniable Queen of Country". pride.com. September 3, 2015.
  404. "With 'Confessions,' Usher reigns as the king of R&B". Chicago Tribune. September 6, 2004.
  405. "10 Reminders That Usher Is the King of R&B". BET. Archived from the original on June 18, 2016. A quick look at the reign of the king of R&B
  406. John Farley, Christopher (September 15, 2001). "Diva on Campus". Time. pp. Splash. Archived from the original on January 18, 2008. She's virtually unknown in the U.S., but Hikaru, 18, is Japan's biggest pop star. The Japanese media sing her praises: (...) The Diva of the Heisei Period! The Japanese public devours her music: her debut CD, First Love (1999), sold more than 9.5 million copies, making it the best-selling album in Japanese history.
  407. "Music Without Borders: The Timeless Voice of Chavela Vargas". November 4, 2022.
  408. "Dolores Vargas, La Terremoto" (in Spanish).
  409. Luis Vargas:
  410. Regine Valasquez:
  411. "Rui Veloso: o pai do rock português (um dos 50 mais influentes das últimas décadas)". Expresso.
  412. Sadeq Saba (November 26, 2003). "Obituary: Vigen Derderian". The Guardian.
  413. Larkin, Colin (1992), The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music, Guinness, p. 2662, ISBN 1-882267-00-1, In 1952, Kitty Wells was named the Queen Of Country Music by Fred Rose...
  414. Mazor, Barry (October 1, 2008), "Music: The Queen of Country Music Holds Court", The Wall Street Journal, p. D.9, ISSN 0099-9660, A crown, presented to the singer in 1973, is among the costumes, awards, mementos and other artefacts now on display in 'Kitty Wells, Queen of Country Music', a career-spanning biographical exhibit at Nashville's Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum running through next June.
  415. Wiley (Godfather of Grime):
  416. Charlotte de Witte (The Techno Queen):
  417. Faye Wong (Heavenly Queen (天后)):
  418. "'First Lady of Country' Tammy Wynette Dies", NME, March 7, 1998
  419. "...living up to the hype of being the First Lady of Country Music." at Smith, Sid (April 7, 2008), Tammy Wynette, Stand By Your Man, BBC
  420. folkradio.gr (May 18, 2023). "Nikos Xilouris - The Archangel of Crete". Folkradio.
  421. "Νίκος Ξυλούρης: Ποιος ήταν ο "Αρχάγγελος της Κρήτης"" [Nikos Xilouris: Who was the Archangel of Crete]. ant1news.gr (in Greek).
  422. Τασιοπούλου, Κωνσταντίνα (July 7, 2023). "Νίκος Ξυλούρης: Αφιέρωμα στον "Αρχάγγελο της Κρήτης" (video)" [Nikos Xylouris: Tribute to the "Archangel of Crete"]. ertnews.gr (in Greek).
  423. Daddy Yankee:
  424. "The Endless Life Cycle of Japanese City Pop". Pitchfork. February 24, 2021.
  425. Echard, William (2005), Neil Young and the Poetics of Energy, Indiana University Press, p. 43, ISBN 978-0-253-21768-4, It had already been noted that Neil Young was an important influence on grunge musicians, and in the mid-1990s it became common to see Neil Young described as 'the godfather of grunge'
  426. Dolphin Princess:
  427. Robin Dopoe Jr (March 5, 2021). "Women in the Liberian music industry". Music in Africa.
  428. 2NE1:
  429. LT Staff. "What You Didn't Know about Aventura".
  430. Tijana Ilich. "The Backstory of Bachata Boy Band Aventura".
  431. The Beach Boys as "America's Band":
  432. Harry 2000a, p. 402.
  433. Schinder & Schwartz 2007, p. 160.
  434. Petridis, Alexis (January 16, 2003). "Disco kings". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
  435. BigBang (Kings of K-pop):
  436. Blackpink:
  437. BTS (Kings of K-pop):
  438. Exo:
  439. "The Five Stairsteps were 'The First Family of Soul'. A title bestowed upon the Chicago-based teenaged group in part because of their astounding five-year run of hits, which included the 1970 million-selling single "O-o-h Child." 'The First Family...' title was later adopted by The Jackson 5. Hogan, Ed. "The Five Stairsteps". AllMusic.
  440. Calloway, Earl (August 22, 1998), "Five Stairsteps remembered on ultimate Regal stage revue", Chicago Defender, vol. XCVI, no. 166, p. 15, ISSN 0745-7014, The Stairsteps were tremendous R&B stars and were critically acclaimed as the 'First Family of Soul'.
  441. Girls' Generation:
  442. "5 canciones de Los Ángeles Azules que demuestran por qué son los reyes de la cumbia". www.sonica.mx (in Spanish). June 19, 2023.
  443. Roiz, Jessica (August 19, 2019). "All of Los Angeles Azules' Hits on the Regional Mexican Songs Chart". Billboard.
  444. Shinee (Princes of K-pop):
  445. Super Junior:
  446. Bell, Crystal (May 24, 2022). "2NE1 to BlackPink: How K-Pop's Girl Groups Took Over The World". Nylon. Twice has often been referred to as South Korea's national girl group
  447. Degiorgio, Kirk (May 22, 2018). "When Detroit Techno Came to the UK". Red Bull Music Academy Daily.
  448. "Juan Atkins, Derrick May and Kevin Saunderson, Detroit's architects of techno honoured". Decoded Magazine. May 26, 2016.
  449. "Don't Look Back in Anger: The Rise and Fall of Britpop". Cherwell. October 10, 2021. "The Britpop movement was dominated by the 'Big Four', which consisted of Oasis, Blur, Suede and Pulp".
  450. Childers, Chad (October 7, 2022). "Every 'Big 4' Grunge Album, Ranked Worst to Best". Loudwire. Alice in Chains, Nirvana, Pearl Jam and Soundgarden all enjoyed their biggest successes in the '90s and here we are ranking all of the albums of grunge's "Big 4."
  451. McIver, Joel (April 29, 2010). "A History of Thrash Metal". Total Guitar. MusicRadar. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
  452. The Emo Trinity:
  453. "Don McLean wrote the song American Pie as a tribute to Buddy Holly. The lyrics are enigmatic and seem loaded with allusions. What do they mean? | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk". www.theguardian.com.
  454. "Dusty Springfield Biography | The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum". Rockhall.com. March 2, 1999.
  455. "Vietnam latest news – Thanh Nien Daily | A diva's homecoming". Thanhniennews.com. September 23, 2011. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012.
  456. "What happens when the 'God of Song' descends on Genting Highlands during a cold and wet weekend? He warms and melts the hearts of both young and old with his charm and huge repertoire of hits, that's what! And that was precisely what Hong Kong superstar Jacky Cheung – arguably the most popular and enduring of the four Heavenly Kings – did at his two sold-out concerts last Friday and Saturday at the Arena of Stars. (For the uninitiated, Cheung, Andy Lau, Aaron Kwok and Leon Lai are the four "Heavenly Kings" of Chinese pop, the over-the-top title probably bestowed by the imaginative Hong Kong media because of the singers' immense popularity. Cheung, of course, has been elevated even higher on the celestial plane!)" Ming, Fong (November 9, 2002). "Jacky, oh!". New Straits Times. p. 3.
  457. The Four Heavenly Kings of Visual Kei:
  458. Cragg, Michael (September 4, 2015). "Janet Jackson: is her past pop stardom 'Unbreakable' enough to stay relevant?". The Guardian.
  460. "Mariah Carey, Céline Dion, Whitney Houston: Les Divas 90s Réunies Dans un Documentaire". Cheek Magazine. May 27, 2019. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020.
  461. "RNB "The HOly Trinity" (Rihanna, Nicki, and Beyonce) Tickets | Holocene | Portland, OR | Fri, Jan 6, 2017 at 9pm". Mercury Tickets.
  462. "RNB, The Holy Trinity: Rihanna/Nicki/Beyonce at Holocene in Portland, OR". EverOut Portland.

Bibliography