The premier of Newfoundland and Labrador is current title of the first minister for the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, which was at certain points in its history a colony, dominion, and province. The province had a system of responsible government from 1855 to 1934, and again since 1949. Newfoundland became a British crown colony in 1855, in 1907 it became a dominion, and in 1949, it became a province and joined Canadian Confederation. Since then, the province has been a part of the Canadian federation and has kept its own legislature to deal with provincial matters. The province was named Newfoundland and Labrador on December 6, 2001.[1][2]
The province has a unicameral Westminster-style parliamentary government, in which the premier is the leader of the party that controls the most seats in the House of Assembly. The premier is Newfoundland and Labrador's head of government, and the king of Canada is its head of state and is represented by the lieutenant governor of Newfoundland and Labrador. The premier picks a cabinet from the elected members to form the Executive Council of Newfoundland and Labrador, and presides over that body. Members are first elected to the House during general elections. General elections must be conducted every four years from the date of the last election. An election may also take place if the governing party loses the confidence of the legislature by the defeat of a supply bill or tabling of a confidence motion.[3]
From 1855 to 1907, the position of first minister was known as premier. After the colony was granted dominion status, the position became known as prime minister.[4] Democratic government was suspended in 1934 and replaced by an appointed Commission of Government, until 1949 Newfoundland became a province of Canada. Since the reinstitution of democratic government in 1949, the title of first minister has been premier.[5]
Since 1855, Newfoundland and Labrador has been led by ten Colonial premiers, nine Dominion prime ministers, three chairmen of Commission of Government, and fourteen provincial premiers. Of the provincial premiers, eight are from the Liberal Party, and eight are from the Progressive Conservative Party.[6]
Colonial Premiers of Newfoundland (1855–1907)
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Electoral mandates (Assembly) | Political party | Parliamentary seat | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Philip Francis Little (1824–1897) | 7 May 1855 – 16 July 1858 | 1855 election (6th Leg.) | Liberal | MHA for St. John's | [7][8] | ||
| First premier as colony achieves responsible government. | ||||||||
| 2 | John Kent (1805–1872) | 16 July 1858 – c. March 1861 | Appointment (6th Leg.)
1859 election (7th Leg.) | Liberal | MHA for St. John's East | [9] | ||
| Largely supported by Catholics, Kent was dismissed by the governor after accusing him of conspiring against the government. The subsequent election was fought on sectarian lines; rioting broke out when the governor cancelled voting in the Catholic town of Harbour Grace thus denying Kent two seats needed to prevent a Conservative majority. | ||||||||
| 3 | Sir Hugh Hoyles (1814–1888) | c. March 1861 – 4 March 1865 | Appointment (7th Leg.)
1861 election (8th Leg.) | Conservative | MHA for Burin | [10] | ||
| Appointed by the governor after his predecessor's dismissal, Hoyles narrowly won the subsequent election. Government tried to reduce sectarian tensions by inviting Catholics into his cabinet and including them in patronage appointments. | ||||||||
| 4 (1 of 2) | Sir Frederick Carter (1819–1900) | c. March 1865 – 11 February 1870 | Appointment (8th Leg.)
1865 election (9th Leg.) | Conservative | MHA for Burin | [11] | ||
| Proposed confederation with Canada but was defeated by Anti-Confederate opposition in 1869. | ||||||||
| 5 | Charles Fox Bennett (1793–1883) | 14 February 1870 – 30 January 1874 | 1869 election (10th Leg.)
1873 election (11th Leg.) | Anti-Confederation | MHA for Placentia—St. Mary's | [12] | ||
| Opposed confederation with Canada; abolished mining royalties; increased geological survey grant and funds for roads and public works; improved coastal steamship service and instituted direct shipping service to England; reorganized Newfoundland Constabulary to take over policing duties after British garrison withdrawn; acquiesced to US fishing rights in Treaty of Washington (1871); began a lead mine at Port au Port, challenging France's rights to the French Shore, but was forced to close by UK government. | ||||||||
| 4 (2 of 2) | Sir Frederick Carter (1819–1900) | 30 January 1874 – c. April 1878 | Appointment (11th Leg.)
1874 election (12th Leg.) | Conservative | MHA for Twillingate—Fogo | [11][13] | ||
| Created publicly funded denominational school system | ||||||||
| 6 (1 of 3) | Sir William Whiteway (1828–1908) | c. April 1878 – c. October 1885 | Appointment (12th Leg.)
1878 election (13th Leg.) 1882 election (14th Leg.) | Conservative | MHA for Trinity Bay | [13] | ||
| Non-sectarian government including Catholics and Protestants; Proposed and arranged financing for construction of the transinsular railway in order to develop and diversify the economy; government collapsed following sectarian riots in Harbour Grace when several Protestant ministers quit to protest government's conciliatory attitude towards Catholics. | ||||||||
| 7 | Sir Robert Thorburn (1836–1906) | 12 October 1885 – c. 1889 | 1885 election (15th Leg.) | Reform | MHA for Trinity Bay | [14] | ||
| Rejected preceding government's railway plan in order to focus on developing fishery based economy; belatedly attempted to invest in public works when fishery downturn caused economic stagnation. Represented Newfoundland at the First Colonial Conference in London. | ||||||||
| 6 (2 of 3) | Sir William Whiteway (1828–1908) | c. December 1889 – 11 April 1894 | 1889 election (16th Leg.)
1893 election (17th Leg.) | Liberal | MHA for Trinity Bay | [13] | ||
| Continued development of the railway; government lost power due to corruption scandal. | ||||||||
| 8 | Augustus F. Goodridge (1839–1920) | c. April 1894 – c. December 1894 | Appointment (17th Leg.) | Tory | MHA for Twillingate | [15] | ||
| 9 | Daniel Joseph Greene (1850–1911) | 13 December 1894 – 8 February 1895 | Appointment (17th Leg.) | Liberal | MHA for Ferryland | [16] | ||
| 6 (3 of 3) | Sir William Whiteway (1828–1908) | 8 February 1895 – c. 1897 | Appointment (17th Leg.) | Liberal | MHA for Trinity Bay | [13] | ||
| Failed negotiations with Canada to enter confederation. Represented Newfoundland at the 1897 Colonial Conference in London. | ||||||||
| 10 | Sir James Spearman Winter (1845–1911) | c. 1897 – 5 March 1900 | 1897 election (18th Leg.) | Tory | MHA for Burin | [17] | ||
| 11 | Sir Robert Bond (1857–1927) | 15 March 1900 – 25 September 1907 | Appointment (18th Leg.)
1900 election (19th Leg.) 1904 election (20th Leg.) | Liberal | MHA for Twillingate | [18] | ||
| Settlement of French Shore territorial dispute giving Newfoundland undisputed control of the island; failed attempt to negotiate free trade with the United States. Represented Newfoundland at the 1902 Colonial Conference and then at the 1907 Imperial Conference, where it was agreed that Newfoundland and other self-governing colonies would be given dominion status. | ||||||||
Dominion Prime Ministers of Newfoundland (1907–1934)
By Royal Proclamation, the colony was granted dominion status on 26 September 1907 becoming the Dominion of Newfoundland with its head of government being given the title Prime Minister of the Dominion of Newfoundland.[19]
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Electoral mandates (Assembly) | Political party | Parliamentary seat | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sir Robert Bond (1857–1927) | 26 September 1907 – 2 March 1909 | Title created (20th Leg.)
1908 election (21st Leg.) | Liberal | MHA for Twillingate | [20][21] | ||
| 2 | Sir Edward Patrick Morris (1859–1935) | 2 March 1909 – 31 December 1917 | Appointment (21st Leg.)
1909 election (22nd Leg.) 1913 election (23rd Leg.) | People's | MHA for St. John's West | [21][22] | ||
| Expansion of the transinsular railway; allowed speculators to buy timber rights on Crown land. Second term was dominated by the war, introduced income tax and formed a wartime national government. Represented Newfoundland at the 1911 Imperial Conference and the Imperial War Conference. Upon retirement became first and only Newfoundland born person to be raised to the peerage. | ||||||||
| 3 | Sir John Crosbie (1876–1932) | 31 December 1917 – 5 January 1918 | Appointment (23rd Leg.) | People's | MHA for Bay de Verde | |||
| Caretaker prime minister | ||||||||
| 4 | Sir William F. Lloyd (1864–1937) | 5 January 1918 – 20 May 1919 | Appointment (23rd Leg.) | Liberal Reform | MHA for Trinity Bay | [23] | ||
| Introduced conscription for the Newfoundland Regiment; led coalition government through the conclusion of the war. | ||||||||
| 5 | Michael Patrick Cashin (1864–1926) | 22 May 1919 – 17 November 1919 | Appointment (23rd Leg.) | People's | MHA for Ferryland | [24][25] | ||
| 6 (1 of 2) | Richard Squires (1880–1940) | 17 November 1919 – 23 July 1923 | Appointment (23rd Leg.)
1919 election (24th Leg.) 1923 election (25th Leg.) | Liberal Reform | MHA for St. John's West | [25][26] | ||
| Attempted to diversify the economy and to reform the fisheries; nationalized the financially struggling transinsular railway; government fell due to a bribery scandal. | ||||||||
| 7 | William Warren (1879–1927) | 24 July 1923 – 7 May 1924 | Appointment (25th Leg.) | Liberal Reform | MHA for Fortune Bay | [27][28][29] | ||
| 8 | Albert Hickman (1875–1943) | 10 May 1924 – 9 June 1924 | Appointment (caretaker government) | Liberal-Progressive | Did not hold a seat in legislature | [29] | ||
| Joined with some members of former Liberal Reform Party and some members of other parties to form a Liberal-Progressive government | ||||||||
| 9 | Walter Stanley Monroe (1871–1952) | 9 June 1924 – 15 August 1928 | 1924 election (26th Leg.) | Liberal–Conservative | MHA for Bonavista | [30] | ||
| Settlement of the Labrador boundary dispute with Canada after Newfoundland successfully argued its case at the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. | ||||||||
| 10 (1 of 2) | Frederick C. Alderdice (1872–1936) | 15 August 1928 – 17 November 1928 | Appointment (26th Leg.) | Liberal–Conservative | Councillor for dominion-at-large | [30][31] | ||
| — (2 of 2) | Richard Squires (1880–1940) | 17 November 1928 – 11 June 1932 | 1928 election (27th Leg.) | Liberal | MHA for Humber | [25][30] | ||
| Attempted to govern during the Great Depression which saw a collapse of fish prices and widespread unemployment; Newfoundland requested to join Confederation in exchange for a bailout but was rejected by Canada; economic instability and allegations of corruption inflamed public opinion resulting in a riot and the fall of the government. | ||||||||
| — (2 of 2) | Frederick C. Alderdice (1872–1936) | 11 June 1932 – 16 February 1934 | 1932 election (28th Leg.) | United Newfoundland | MHA for St. John's West | [30] | ||
| Alderdice's United Newfoundland Party wins election on the promise that it will examine the possibility of suspending the constitution and having a commission administer the country until the financial crisis improves. UK and Canada agree to give the dominion financial aid in exchange for a Royal Commission on the Newfoundland's future. Alderdice accepts the Commission's recommendation to suspend responsible government and replace it with a Commission of Government appointed by London. | ||||||||
Chairmen of the Commission of Government (1934–1949)
With the suspension of responsible government the dominion was administered by the Commission of Government, from 1934 to 1949. It was a body of seven appointed by the British government, made up of three British officials, three Newfoundlanders, and chaired by the Governor of Newfoundland.[32]
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) District | Term of office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Admiral Sir David Murray Anderson (1874–1936) | 16 February 1934[30] | October 1935[33] | |
| 2 | Vice-Admiral Sir Humphrey T. Walwyn (1879–1957) | February 1936[34] | 16 January 1946[33] | |
| 3 | Gordon MacDonald (1888–1966) | 16 January 1946[33] | 1 April 1949[33] | |
Provincial Premiers of Newfoundland (1949–2001) and Newfoundland and Labrador (2001–present)
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Electoral mandates (Assembly) | Political party | Parliamentary seat | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Joey Smallwood (1900–1991) | 1 April 1949 – 18 January 1972 | Title created (caretaker government)
1949 election (29th Leg.) 1951 election (30th Leg.) 1956 election (31st Leg.) 1959 election (32nd Leg.) 1962 election (33rd Leg.) 1966 election (34th Leg.) 1971 election (35th Leg.) | Liberal (Ldr. 1949) | MHA for Bonavista North (1949-1959; 1962-1966) MHA for St. John's West MHA for Humber West MHA for Placentia East | [35] | |||
| Led successful campaign for Newfoundland to join Canada; longest serving first minister in Newfoundland history; creation of welfare state; development of hydroelectricity, mining and paper industries; Churchill Falls Generating Station and hydro contract with Quebec. | |||||||||
| 2 | Frank Moores (1933–2005) | 18 January 1972 – 26 March 1979 | 1972 election (36th Leg.)
1975 election (37th Leg.) | Progressive Conservative (Ldr. 1970) | MHA for Humber West | [35] | |||
| First Progressive Conservative premier; emphasized rural development and resource control. | |||||||||
| 3 | Brian Peckford (b. 1942) | 26 March 1979 – 22 March 1989 | Appointment (37th Leg.)
1979 election (38th Leg.) 1982 election (39th Leg.) 1985 election (40th Leg.) | Progressive Conservative (Ldr. 1979) | MHA for Green Bay | [35] | |||
| Youngest first minister in Newfoundland history; Negotiated first Atlantic Accord with Ottawa to give province greater say in and financial benefit from offshore energy exploitation; Hibernia oil field development; new provincial flag, expansion of high school to grade 12; construction of Trans-Labrador Highway; creation of the Department of the Environment; brought greenhouse cucumbers to the province. | |||||||||
| 4 | Tom Rideout (b. 1948) | 22 March 1989 – 5 May 1989 | Appointment (40th Leg.) | Progressive Conservative (Ldr. 1989) | MHA for Baie Verte-Springdale | [35] | |||
| 5 | Clyde Wells (b. 1937) | 5 May 1989 – 26 January 1996 | 1989 election (41st Leg.)
1993 election (42nd Leg.) | Liberal (Ldr. 1987) | MHA for Bay of Islands | [35] | |||
| Opposed the Meech Lake Accord, negotiated Charlottetown Accord, creation of a public school system replacing two parochial streams, budgetary reform, economic diversification in response to collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery. | |||||||||
| 6 | Brian Tobin (b. 1954) | 26 January 1996 – 16 October 2000 | Appointment (42nd Leg.)
1996 election (43rd Leg.) 1999 election (44th Leg.) | Liberal (Ldr. 1996) | MHA for Bay of Islands (1996-1999) MHA for The Straits – White Bay North | [35] | |||
| Completed replacement of separate school system with public schools. | |||||||||
| 7 | Beaton Tulk (1944–2019) | 16 October 2000 – 13 February 2001 | Appointment (44th Leg.) | Liberal (Ldr. interim) | MHA for Bonavista North | [35] | |||
| 8 | Roger Grimes (b. 1950) | 13 February 2001 – 6 November 2003 | Appointment (44th Leg.) | Liberal (Ldr. 2001) | MHA for Exploits | [35] | |||
| Royal Commission on Renewing and Strengthening Our Place in Canada | |||||||||
| 9 | Danny Williams (b. 1949) | 6 November 2003 – 3 December 2010 | 2003 election (45th Leg.)
2007 election (46th Leg.) | Progressive Conservative (Ldr. 2001) | MHA for Humber West | [35][36] | |||
| Reorganization of health and education; negotiated Second Atlantic Accord to keep 100% of oil revenues in the province; negotiated deals to develop Hebron offshore oil field and expand Hibernia oil field; opposed sale of New Brunswick Power to Hydro-Québec; further development of Lower Churchill Project and Muskrat Falls with transmission lines to Maritimes and the US. | |||||||||
| 10 | Kathy Dunderdale (b. 1952) | 3 December 2010 – 24 January 2014 | Appointment (46th Leg.)
2011 election (47th Leg.) | Progressive Conservative (Ldr. 2011[1]) | MHA for Virginia Waters | [37] | |||
| Only female premier; school board consolidation; further resource development; sanctioning of Muskrat Falls and negotiation of federal loan guarantee for the project; resigned following criticism of her leadership during a series of power outages and rolling blackouts across the province. | |||||||||
| 11 | Tom Marshall (b. 1946) | 24 January 2014 – 26 September 2014 | Appointment (47th Leg.) | Progressive Conservative (Ldr. interim) | MHA for Humber East | [38] | |||
| 12 | Paul Davis (b. 1961) | 26 September 2014 – 14 December 2015 | Appointment (47th Leg.) | Progressive Conservative (Ldr. 2014) | MHA for Topsail | [39] | |||
| Reduced the number of electoral districts in the province to 40; introduced the Downpayment Assistance Program. | |||||||||
| 13 | Dwight Ball (b. 1957) | 14 December 2015 – 19 August 2020 | 2015 election (48th Leg.)
2019 election (49th Leg.) | Liberal (Ldr. 2013) | MHA for Humber-Gros Morne | [40] | |||
| Called a public inquiry into cost overruns of the Muskrat Falls Lower Churchill Project and negotiated with the federal government; enacted unpopular austerity measures to combat mounting provincial debt; re-elected to a minority government in 2019; resigned following criticisms over the awarding of non-competitive contracts and appointments benefiting individuals with links to the Liberal Party. | |||||||||
| 14 | Andrew Furey (b. 1975) | 19 August 2020 – 9 May 2025 | Appointment (49th Leg.)
2021 election (50th Leg.) | Liberal (Ldr. 2020) | MHA for Humber-Gros Morne | [41] | |||
| Was not an MHA until winning the seat left by his predecessor, Dwight Ball; managed the provincial response to the COVID-19 pandemic; appointed the Premier's Economic Recovery Taskforce; re-elected to a majority government in 2021; amalgamation of the four health authorities. | |||||||||
| 15 | John Hogan (b. 1978) | 9 May 2025 – 29 October 2025 | Appointment (50th Leg.) | Liberal (Ldr. 2025) | MHA for Windsor Lake | [42] | |||
| Won the leadership race within his own party to become Premier; oversaw the response to the 2025 wildfires. | |||||||||
| 16 | Tony Wakeham (b. 1956) | 29 October 2025 – incumbent | 2025 election (51st Leg.) | Progressive Conservative (Ldr. 2023) | MHA for Stephenville-Port au Port | ||||
| Oversaw the furthering of the Bay Du Nord oil project. | |||||||||
By time in office
This is a list of premiers of Newfoundland and Labrador, since the jurisdiction joined Canadian confederation in 1949, in order of time served in office as of March 18, 2026. The preceding premier always stays in office during an election campaign, and that time is included in the total.
| Rank | Premier | Incumbency | Dates in power | Mandates | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Joey Smallwood | 22 years, 292 days | 1949–1972 | 7 | █ Liberal |
| 2 | Brian Peckford | 9 years, 330 days | 1979–1989 | 3 | █ Progressive Conservative |
| 3 | Frank Moores | 7 years, 67 days | 1972–1979 | 2 | █ Progressive Conservative |
| 4 | Danny Williams | 7 years, 27 days | 2003–2010 | 2 | █ Progressive Conservative |
| 5 | Clyde Wells | 6 years, 266 days | 1989–1996 | 2 | █ Liberal |
| 6 | Brian Tobin | 4 years, 264 days | 1996–2000 | 2 | █ Liberal |
| 7 | Andrew Furey | 4 years, 263 days | 2020–2025 | 1 | █ Liberal |
| 8 | Dwight Ball | 4 years, 249 days | 2015–2020 | 1 | █ Liberal |
| 9 | Kathy Dunderdale | 3 years, 52 days | 2010–2014 | 1 | █ Progressive Conservative |
| 10 | Roger Grimes | 2 years, 266 days | 2001–2003 | 0 | █ Liberal |
| 11 | Paul Davis | 1 year, 79 days | 2014–2015 | 0 | █ Progressive Conservative |
| 12 | Tom Marshall | 244 days | 2014 | 0 | █ Progressive Conservative |
| 13 | John Hogan | 173 days | 2025 | 0 | █ Liberal |
| 14 | Tony Wakeham | 140 days | 2025–present | 1 | █ Progressive Conservative |
| 15 | Beaton Tulk | 120 days | 2000–2001 | 0 | █ Liberal |
| 16 | Tom Rideout | 44 days | 1989 | 0 | █ Progressive Conservative |
See also
- Leader of the Opposition (Newfoundland and Labrador)
- List of Newfoundland and Labrador lieutenant-governors
References
- General
- "General Election Statistics". Elections Newfoundland and Labrador. Archived from the original on September 26, 2008.
- "Journal of the House of Assembly of Newfoundland". Library and Archives Canada.
- Specific
- "Newfoundland". Library and Archives Canada. 2 May 2005. Archived from the original on 8 June 2008.
- "Newfoundland's name change now official". CBC News. December 6, 2001.
- "History of the House of Assembly". Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly.
- "Colonial Governors, 1855-1933". Memorial University of Newfoundland.
- "Lieutenant-Governors, 1949-Present". Memorial University of Newfoundland.
- "Prime Ministers and Premiers of Newfoundland & Labrador" (PDF). House of Assembly - Newfoundland and Labrador.
- Tapin, Glen W. (1970). Canadian Chronology. Scarecrow Press. p. 149.
- "Little, Philip Francis" (PDF). Public Archives of Canada. 1956.
- Waite, P. B. (1972). "Kent, John". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. X (1871–1880) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- Jones, Frederick (1982). "Hoyles, Sir Hugh William". In Halpenny, Francess G. (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XI (1881–1890) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- Hiller, J.K. (1990). "Carter, Sir Frederic Bowker Terrington". In Halpenny, Francess G. (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XII (1891–1900) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- Hiller, James K. (1982). "Bennett, Charles James Fox". In Halpenny, Francess G. (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XI (1881–1890) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- Hiller, J.K. (1994). "Whiteway, Sir William Vallance". In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XIII (1901–1910) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- Hiller, J. K. (1994). "Thorburn, Sir Robert". In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XIII (1901–1910) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
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- Baker, Melvin; Neary, Peter (2005). "Bond, Sir Robert". In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XV (1921–1930) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- "From 'Colony of Newfoundland' to the 'Dominion of Newfoundland'". Archival Moments. Archived from the original on April 25, 2016.
- From ‘Colony of Newfoundland’ to the ‘Dominion of Newfoundland’ | Archival Moments Archived 2016-04-25 at the Wayback Machine
- "Bond, Robert". Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador. p. 221.
- "Morris, Edward Patrick". Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador. pp. 622–24.
- Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, volume 3 [Extract: letter L] :: Centre for Newfoundland Studies
- Baker, Melvin (2005). "Cashin, Sir Michael Patrick". In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XV (1921–1930) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- Hiller, James K. (2016). "Squires, Sir Richard Anderson". In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XVI (1931–1940) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- Hiller, J.K. (December 16, 2013). "Sir Richard Anderson Squires". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada.
- "Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, volume 5 [Extract: letter W] :: Centre for Newfoundland Studies - Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador". collections.mun.ca.
- Pitt, Robert D. (December 16, 2015). "William Robertson Warren". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada.
- "Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, volume 2 [Extract: letter Hac-Hoy] :: Centre for Newfoundland Studies - Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador". collections.mun.ca.
- "Hon. F.C. Alderdice dead in St. John's". The Gazette. February 27, 1936.
- "Frederick Charles Alderdice". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada.
- "Commission Governors, 1934-1948". Memorial University of Newfoundland.
- "The British Empire, Imperialism, Colonialism, Colonies". www.britishempire.co.uk.
- "Walwyn, Sir Humphrey Thomas (1879-1957)". www.heritage.nf.ca.
- "Newfoundland and Labrador". Parliamentary website. Library of Parliament.
- "N.L. Premier Danny Williams to leave Dec. 3". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. November 26, 2010.
- "Kathy Dunderdale sworn in as N.L. Premier". CTV News. December 3, 2010.
- "Tom Marshall sworn in as 11th premier". CBC News. 24 January 2014.
- "Davis to be sworn-in as premier Friday". The Aurora. 25 September 2014. Archived from the original on January 28, 2015.
- "Dwight Ball, new Liberal cabinet sworn in at Government House". CBC News. 14 December 2015.
- Bird, Lindsay (19 August 2020). "New N.L. premier, new finance minister: Andrew Furey takes office and shuffles cabinet". CBC News.
- Kilfoy, Cameron (9 May 2025). "John Hogan sworn in as NL's 15th premier, announces two new roles in 16-person cabinet". The Telegram (SaltWire Network).
- "Dunderdale takes risk with Harper pledge". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. April 4, 2011.