Vermont State Senate
Vermont General Assembly
Type
TypeUpper house
Term limitsNone
History
New session startedJanuary 8, 2025
Leadership
PresidentJohn S. Rodgers (R)
since January 9, 2025
President pro temporePhilip Baruth (D)
since January 4, 2023
Majority LeaderKesha Ram Hinsdale (D)
since January 8, 2025
Minority LeaderScott Beck (R)
since January 8, 2025
Structure
Seats30
Political groupsMajority (17)
  •   Democratic (16)
  •   Progressive (1)

Minority (13)

  •   Republican (13)
Length of term2 years
AuthoritySection 7, Legislative Department, Constitution of Vermont
Salary$733.04 per week plus per diem during session
Elections
Last electionNovember 5, 2024
Next electionNovember 3, 2026
RedistrictingLegislative control
Meeting place
State Senate Chamber,
Vermont State House
Montpelier, Vermont, U.S.
Website
Vermont State Senate

The Vermont Senate is the upper house of the Vermont General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Vermont. The senate consists of 30 members elected from multi-member districts. Each senator represents at least 20,300 citizens. Senators are elected to two-year terms and there is no limit to the number of terms a senator may serve.

As in other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the U.S. Senate, the Vermont Senate has special functions, such as confirming or rejecting gubernatorial appointments to executive departments, the state cabinet, commissions, boards, and (for the first six-year term) the state's judiciary.

The Vermont Senate meets at the Vermont State House in the state capital of Montpelier.

Districting and terms

The 30 senators are elected from 16 single- and multi-member senate districts.[1] The districts largely correspond to the boundaries of the state's 14 counties with adjustments to ensure equality of representation.[1] Each district elects between 1 and 3 senators at-large depending on population.[1] For the 2023–2033 districts, seven districts elect one senator each, four districts elect two each, and five districts elect three each.[2] Senators in multi-member districts are elected at-large throughout the district.[1] Vermont is the only state to have any senate districts represented by more than two senators each, as well as the only state to employ bloc voting for senate elections.[3]

Vermont is one of the 14 states where the upper house of its state legislature serves non-staggered, two-year terms, rather than the more common four-year term.[4] There are no term limits.[5] The governor is empowered to fill legislative vacancies; the party of the previous holder of the seat almost always recommends candidates, and the governor usually chooses an appointee from that list, though this process is a tradition and not legally required.[6][7][8]

Leadership

The lieutenant governor of Vermont serves as the president of the Senate, but casts a vote only if required to break a tie.[9] In the absence of the lieutenant governor, the president pro tempore presides over the Senate.[10] The president pro tempore is elected by the majority party caucus followed by confirmation from the entire body through a Senate resolution, and is the Senate's chief leadership position.[11] The majority and minority leaders are elected by their respective party caucuses.[11][12]

Committee assignments are determined by the Committee on Committees.[13] This panel consists of the lieutenant governor, the president pro tempore and one member chosen by the full Senate.[13] From 1997 to 2024 the third member of the committee was Richard Mazza.[14] As of 2025, the third member is Ginny Lyons.[15]

Composition of the Senate (2025–2027 legislative session)

Affiliation Party (shading indicates majority caucus) Total
Democratic Progressive Republican Vacant
End 2012 21 1 8 30 0
2013-2014 20 2 7 30 0
Begin 2015 19 3 9 30 0
End 2016 8 29 1[a]
2017-2018 21 2 7 30 0
Begin 2019 22 2 6 30 0
Begin 2021 21 2 7 30 0
Begin 2023 22 1 7 30 0
Begin 2025 16 1 13 30 0
October 22, 2025[17] 12 29 1
November 14, 2025[18] 11 28 2
December 5, 2025[19] 12 29 1
January 2, 2026[20] 13 30 0
Latest voting share 56.7% 43.3%

Current leadership

Position Name Party Residence District
President John Rodgers Rep Glover –
President pro tempore Philip Baruth Dem/Prog Burlington Chittenden-Central
Majority Leader Kesha Ram Hinsdale Dem Shelburne Chittenden-Southeast
Assistant Majority Leader (Whip) Rebecca White Dem Hartford Windsor
Minority Leader Scott Beck Rep St. Johnsbury Caledonia
Assistant Minority Leader (Whip) Brian Collamore Rep Rutland Rutland

Current members

District Representative Party Residence First elected
Addison Steven Heffernan Rep Bristol 2024
Ruth Hardy Dem East Middlebury 2018
Bennington[21] Seth Bongartz Dem Manchester 2024
(1987–1989)
Robert Plunkett Dem Bennington 2024
Caledonia Scott Beck Rep St. Johnsbury 2024[22]
Chittenden-Central Philip Baruth Dem/Prog Burlington 2010
Martine Gulick Dem Burlington 2022
Tanya Vyhovsky Prog/Dem Essex 2022
Chittenden-North Christopher Mattos Rep Milton 2024
Chittenden-Southeast Thomas Chittenden Dem South Burlington 2020
Virginia V. Lyons Dem Williston 2000
Kesha Ram Hinsdale Dem Shelburne 2020
Essex Russ Ingalls Rep Newport 2020
Franklin Randy Brock Rep Swanton 2017↑
(2009–2013)
Robert Norris Rep Sheldon 2022
Grand Isle Patrick Brennan Rep Colchester 2024
Lamoille Richard A. Westman Rep Hyde Park 2010
Orange John Benson Rep Brookfield 2026↑
Orleans John Morley Rep Orleans 2025↑
Rutland Brian Collamore Rep Rutland Town 2014
David Weeks Rep Proctor 2022
Terry Williams Rep Poultney 2022
Washington Ann Cummings Dem Montpelier 1996
Andrew Perchlik Dem/Prog Montpelier 2018
Anne Watson Dem/Prog Montpelier 2022
Windham Wendy Harrison Dem Brattleboro 2022
Nader Hashim Dem Dummerston 2022
Windsor Alison H. Clarkson Dem Woodstock 2016
Joe Major Dem Hartford 2024
Rebecca White Dem Hartford 2022

Operations

The full Senate meets Tuesday and Friday mornings only for the first seven weeks of the annual session.[23]

The Vermont Senate is aided by a small administrative staff, including the secretary of the Vermont Senate and several assistants.[24] Since 2011, the Senate secretary has been John H. Bloomer, a former member of the Senate.[25] Previous secretaries include Ernest W. Gibson Jr., Murdock A. Campbell, and Franklin S. Billings Jr.[25]

Secretaries of the Vermont Senate since 1836 include:[26][27][28][29]

History

Vermont originally had a unicameral legislature; most of the functions normally performed by an upper legislative house were the responsibility of the governor and council.[30] The state abolished the governor's council and added a senate via an 1836 constitutional amendment.[31]

The longest-serving member of the Vermont Senate was William T. Doyle; he was elected in 1968, reelected every two years until 2014, and defeated for reelection in 2016.[32] Doyle served from January 1969 to January 2017;[32] no other legislator in Vermont history—member of the Vermont House, member of the Vermont Senate, or member of both the House and Senate—has served longer than Doyle.[33]

Former districts, 2002–2022

The following is from the Vermont Secretary of State.[34]

District Senators
Addison 2
Bennington 2
Caledonia 2
Chittenden 6
Essex-Orleans 2
Franklin 2
Grand Isle 1
Lamoille 1
Orange 1
Rutland 3
Washington 3
Windham 2
Windsor 3

Notable members

For more than 100 years from the 1850s to the 1960s, the Vermont Republican Party won every election for statewide office.[35] In addition, the state legislature frequently included few or even no Democrats. For example, in 1878, the State Senate was made up of 30 Republicans and no Democrats, while the State House of 246 included 227 Republicans and 14 Democrats, with five towns unrepresented.[36] In keeping with the "Mountain Rule", which was created to ensure party unity, governors and lieutenant governors were from opposite sides of the Green Mountains, and were limited to two years in office.[37] Candidates for these offices were agreed upon by Republican leaders years in advance, and were often chosen for leadership positions in the House or Senate to groom them for statewide office.[38]

Governors

Most individuals who have served as governor or lieutenant governor had experience in the Vermont legislature; many served in the State Senate. Governors who served in the Vermont Senate include:

William A. Palmer (post-governorship);[39] Horace Eaton;[40] Carlos Coolidge (post-governorship);[41] John S. Robinson;[42] Frederick Holbrook;[43] Paul Dillingham;[44] George Whitman Hendee;[45] John Wolcott Stewart;[46] Julius Converse;[47] Horace Fairbanks;[48] Redfield Proctor;[49] Roswell Farnham;[50] John L. Barstow;[51] Ebenezer J. Ormsbee;[52] William P. Dillingham;[53] Carroll S. Page;[54] Levi K. Fuller;[55] Josiah Grout;[56] John G. McCullough;[57] Charles J. Bell;[58] Fletcher D. Proctor;[59] George H. Prouty;[60] John A. Mead;[61] Allen M. Fletcher;[62] Charles W. Gates;[63] Percival W. Clement;[64] Redfield Proctor Jr.;[65] John E. Weeks;[66] Stanley C. Wilson;[67] Charles Manley Smith;[68] William H. Wills;[69] Mortimer R. Proctor;[70] Lee E. Emerson;[71] Joseph B. Johnson;[72] Philip H. Hoff (post-governorship);[73] Peter Shumlin;[74] and Phil Scott (incumbent).[75]

Lieutenant governors

Vermont's lieutenant governors who served in the state senate include:

Waitstill R. Ranney,[76] Leonard Sargeant,[77] William C. Kittredge,[78] Jefferson P. Kidder,[79] Burnham Martin,[80] Levi Underwood,[81] Abraham B. Gardner,[82] Stephen Thomas,[83] George N. Dale,[84] Russell S. Taft,[85] Lyman G. Hinckley,[86] Eben Pomeroy Colton,[87] Henry A. Fletcher,[88] Farrand Stewart Stranahan,[89] Zophar Mansur,[90] Nelson W. Fisk,[91] Henry C. Bates,[92] Martin F. Allen,[93] Zed S. Stanton,[94] Charles H. Stearns,[95] Leighton P. Slack,[96] Hale K. Darling,[97] Roger W. Hulburd,[98] Abram W. Foote,[99] Walter K. Farnsworth,[100] Consuelo N. Bailey,[101] Robert S. Babcock,[102] T. Garry Buckley,[103] Barbara Snelling (post-lieutenant governorship),[104] Doug Racine,[105] David Zuckerman,[106] and John S. Rodgers (incumbent).[107]

Members of Congress

Many of Vermont's members of the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives also served in the Vermont Senate.

U.S. senators include Samuel S. Phelps,[108] George F. Edmunds,[109] Jonathan Ross,[110] Porter H. Dale,[111] Frank C. Partridge,[112] Ernest Willard Gibson,[113] Jim Jeffords,[114] and Peter Welch (incumbent).[115]

U.S. House members who served in the Vermont Senate include William Henry,[116] Ahiman Louis Miner,[117] George Tisdale Hodges,[118] Frederick E. Woodbridge,[119] H. Henry Powers,[120] David J. Foster,[121] William Hebard,[122] Andrew Tracy,[123] William W. Grout,[124] Kittredge Haskins,[125] Frank Plumley,[126] Alvah Sabin,[127] Homer Elihu Royce,[128] Worthington Curtis Smith,[129] Bradley Barlow,[130] Augustus Young,[131] Richard W. Mallary,[132] Peter Plympton Smith,[133] and Becca Balint (incumbent).[134]

Other notable members

Other notable members of the Vermont Senate include:

See also

Notes

  1. Republican Norman H. McAllister (Alburgh-Franklin) was suspended from senatorial duties in 2015 through the end of his Senate term.[16]

References

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  145. Carleton, Hiram (1903). Genealogical and Family History of the State of Vermont. Vol. I. New York, NY: Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-0-8063-4794-3 – via Google Books. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

44°15′44″N 72°34′51″W / 44.26222°N 72.58083°W / 44.26222; -72.58083